A tubular heat exchanger exemplifies many aspects of the challenge in designing a pressure vessel. High or very low operating pressures and temperatures, combined with sharp temperature gradients, and large differences in the stiffnesses of adjoining parts, are amongst the legion of conditions that behoove the attention of the heat exchanger designer. Pitfalls in mechanical design may lead to a variety of operational problems, such as tube-to-tubesheet joint failure, flanged joint leakage, weld cracks, tube buckling, and flow induced vibration. Internal failures, such as pass partition bowing or weld rip-out, pass partition gasket rib blow-out, and impingement actuated tube end erosion are no less menacing. Designing to avoid such operational perils requires a thorough grounding in several disciplines of mechanics, and a broad understanding of the inter relationship between the thermal and mechanical performance of heat exchangers. Yet, while there are a number of excellent books on heat ex changer thermal design, comparable effort in mechanical design has been non-existent. This apparent void has been filled by an assortment of national codes and industry standards, notably the "ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code" and the "Standards of Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association. " These documents, in conjunction with scattered publications, form the motley compendia of the heat exchanger designer's reference source. The subject matter clearly beckons a methodical and comprehensive treatment. This book is directed towards meeting this need.

Plant diseases are major limiting factors in reducing agricultural production and creating hunger in ever increasing human population. Modern farming and agricultural practices heavily depend on the use of pesticides for plant disease and pest control that raise environmental and food safety concerns. This book attempts to provide concise, critical, synthetic, and up-to-date coverage of different aspects of plant disease management. The chapter on control of plant diseases has been recognized and expanded to include recent developments on all aspects of integrated disease management and of new chemicals, biological agents and manipulating the plant genome to develop resistant cultivar for controlling plants diseases. The information on distribution, biology, epidemiology, and control of each pathogens and disease has been updated. The book is intended to serve as a text for advanced undergraduate and post graduate students of plant pathology and related discipline and as a reference source for teacher, researchers, students, technologists, extension workers, disease scouts, agribusiness personnel, home gardeners and others interested in integrated diseases management.