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Die Ausfuhrungen uber das Hauptthema stellen die Erweiterung eines
fur den IX. Kongress fur experimentelle Psychologie (Munchen 1925)
bestimmten Vortrages dar, den ich infolge einer Krankheit ab- sagen
musste. Die "Vorbemerkungen", die einige Grundfragen der Statik und
Dynamik des Psychischen betreffen, sind im Zusammen- hang mit noch
unveroeffentlichten experimentellen Untersuchungen meiner
Mitarbeiter uber das Trieb-, Bedurfnis- und Affektleben er-
wachsen. Die vorliegende Arbeit ist in etwas erweiterter Fassung
als 1. und 11. der Reihe der oben genannten spezielleren
"Untersuchungen zur Handlungs- und Ajjektp8ychologie" in der
P8ychologischen For8chung (Bd. 7, 4) erschienen. Redaktion und
Verlag bin ich fur ihre freund- liche Einwilligung zur
Sonderveroeffentlichung zu Dank verpflichtet. Inhalt. I.
Vorbemerkungen uber die psychischen Krafte und Energien und uber
die Struktur der Seele. Einleitung: Theorie und Tatsache in der
Forschung. 1. Die Gesetzlichkeit des Psychischen (S.9). 2. Das
Experiment (S. 10). il. Elementenpsychologie und
Geschehensgestalten (S. 12). ila. Die Leistungsbegriffe (S. 16).
3b. Die phanomenologische Begriffsbildung des ausseren und inneren
Verhaltens und die konditional-genetische Begriffsbildung (S. 18).
4. uber die Ursachen seelischen Geschehens (S.21). 5. Die
seelischen Energien und die Struktur der Seele (S. 29). 6. Die
Gleichgewichtstendenz; die dynamische Festigkeit und
Abgeschlossenheit der seelischen Systeme (S. 33). 7. Die
psychischen Prozesse als Lebensvorgange (S.37). 11. Vorsatz, Wille
und Bedurfnis. - Einleitung: Die veranderte Bedeutung des Vorsatzes
in der modernen WillenEerziehung (S. 40). 1. Einige Fakten. 1.
UEber den Einfluss der Zeit auf die Wirkung des Vorsatzes. Das
abrupte Auf- hoeren der Wirkung nach der Erledigungshandlung (S.
43).
Die vorliegende Arbeit ist aus allgemeinen Vberlegungen iiber die
Struktur einer Wissenschaft und das Wesen der Wissenschafts lehre
erwachsen. Aber die Durchfiihrung stieB bald auf eine solche Fiille
spezieller Sachverhalte, die eine begriffliche Fassung verlangten,
daB die allgemeinen Fragen hinter der Notwendigkeit einer miih
sameren Kleinarbeit zuriicktraten. Ich habe diesen Weg gerne be
schritten und schlieBlich den Charakter dieser Arbeit als einer
Spezialarbeit aus der vergleichenden Wissenschaftslehre be wuBt
hervorgekehrt. Junge Wissenschaften pHegen sich gerne in
allgemeinsten Vber legungen iiber ihr Wesen, ihre Methode und iiber
die Natur ihres Gesamtgebietes zu ergehen. Wenn solche Diskussionen
auch meist zu keiner allzu weitgehenden Klii. rung dieser Probleme
selbst fiihren, so pHegen sie doch den Boden dafiir zu bereiten,
daB die eigentliche Einzelforschung innerhalb dieser Wissenschaft
der mangelnden Kenntnis derallgemeinen Grundlagen zum Trotz krii.
ftigemporbliihen kann. DaB in sehr viel Epa. . teren Stadien eine
Hypertrophie der un philosophisch "empirischen" Einstellung zur
Krisis der Spezialforschung selbst fiihren und eine erneute
ernsthafte Nachpriifung der Grund begriffe fordern kann, beweist
demgegeniiber nicht, daB die "philo sophische" Grundlegung einer
Wissenwhaft vollendet sein muB, bevor die Arbeit in ihr beginnen
kann, sondern zeigt nur das enge Auf einander-Angewiesensein beider
Untersuchungskomplexe. Auch die Erforschung der Grundlageprobleme
einer Wissenscha. ft kann nii. mlich, - wie an dieser Arbeit
wiederum deutlich wird, - gewisse Stadien nur schwer
iiberschreiten, bevor diese Wissenschaft nicht gewisse
Entwicklungsstufen erreicht hat."
2013 Reprint of 1938 Edition. Full facsimile of the original
edition, not reproduced with Optical Recognition Software. Kurt
Lewin (1890-1947) was a German-American psychologist, known as one
of the modern pioneers of social, organizational, and applied
psychology. Lewin is often recognized as the "founder of social
psychology" and was one of the first to study group dynamics and
organizational development. Lewin developed the concept of force
field analysis, which provides a framework for looking at the
factors (forces) that influence a situation, originally social
situations. It looks at forces that are either driving movement
toward a goal (helping forces) or blocking movement toward a goal
(hindering forces). The principle, developed by Kurt Lewin, is a
significant contribution to the fields of social science,
psychology, social psychology, organizational development, process
management, and change management. This book is an early effort to
establish the principles of his force field analysis. An attempt is
made to describe the position of the concept of force in psychology
and to discuss major methods of measuring psychological forces. One
of the outstanding properties of force is its directedness.
Direction in psychology cannot be defined as physical direction and
cannot be determined by Euclidian geometry. A geometry applicable
in psychology is that of hodological space. The geometrical
properties of this space are described, and examples of its
application in determining directions and distances in the life
space are offered. The conceptual properties of the construct of
force are given, as well as a definition coordinating it with
observable processes. The conceptual and dynamic relation between
psychological forces, valences, and tensions are discussed, as are
certain basic theories concerning the relation between need,
environment, and the "mechanics" of locomotion. Various methods of
measuring forces and valences are surveyed, especially those
related to opposing forces and to velocity of locomotion, including
velocity and restlessness, consumption, translocation, and
learning. The problem of the structure of the force field and of
overlapping force fields is discussed, including several choice and
conflict situations with stable and labile equilibria.
This early work of psychology is both expensive and hard to find in
its first edition. It contains Lewin s theories on the structure of
the mind, child behaviour, education for reality and other factors
involved in personality. This is a fascinating work and is
thoroughly recommended for anyone with an interest in the history
of psychology. Many of the earliest books, particularly those
dating back to the 1900s and before, are now extremely scarce. We
are republishing these classic works in affordable, high quality,
modern editions, using the original text and artwork.
EXPERIMENTS IN PSYCHOLOGY Davis PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING Dorcus and
Jones HANDBOOK OF EMPLOYEE SELECTION Dunlap RELIGION ITS FUNCTIONS
IN HUMAN LIFE Ghiselli and Brown PERSONNEL AND INDUSTRIAL
PSYCHOLOGY Gray PSYCHOLOGY IN HUMAN AFFAIRS Guilford FUNDAMENTAL
STATISTICS IN PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCA TION Guilford PSYCHOMETRIC
METHODS Hurlock ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT Hurlock CHILD DEVELOPMENT
Johnson ESSENTIALS OF PSYCHOLOGY Krech and Crutchfield THEORY AND
PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL PSY CHOLOGY Lewin A DYNAMIC THEORY OF
PERSONALITY Lewin PRINCIPLES OF TOPOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY Maier
FRUSTRATION Maier and Schneirla PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY
Miller EXPERIMENTS IN SOCIAL PROCESS Moore PSYCHOLOGY FOR BUSINESS
AND INDUSTRY Morgan and Stellar PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY Page
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Pillsbury AN ELEMENTARY PSYCHOLOGY or THE
ABNORMAL Reymert FEELINGS AND EMOTIONS Richards MODERN CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGY Seashore PSYCHOLOGY OF Music Seward SEX AND THE SOCIAL
ORDER Stagner PSYCHOLOGY OF PERSONALITY Wallin PERSONALITY
MALADJUSTMENTS AND MENTAL HYGIENE John F. Dashiell was Consulting
Editor of this series from its inception in 1931 until January 1,
1950. PRINCIPLES OF TOPOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY BY KURT LEWIN Professo r
of Child Psychology, Iowa Child-Welfare Research Station University
of Iowa TRANSLATED BY FRITZ HEIDER Assistant Professor, Department
of Education, Smith College AND GRACE M. HEIDER FIRST EDITION
SDCTEC IMPRESSION McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, INC, NEW YORK AND
LONDON 1936 COPYRIGHT, 1936, BY THE MCGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, INC.
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STA1ES OP AMERICA All rights reserved. This
book, or parts thereof j may not be reproduced in any form without
permission of the publishers. THE MAPLE PRESSCOMPANY, YORK, PA, To
THE HEBREW UNIVERSITY Jerusalem PREFACE DR. WOLFGANG KOHLER
Swarthmore College Swarthmore, Pa. DEAR KOHLER This book is the
result of a very slow growth. I remember the moment when more than
ten years ago it occurred to me that the figures on the blackboard
which were to illustrate some problems for a group in psychology
might after all be not merely illustrations but representations of
real concepts. Much interested in the theory of science, I had
already in 1912 as a student defended the thesis against a then
fully accepted philo sophical dictum that psychology, dealing with
manifolds of coexist ing facts, would be finally forced to use not
only the concept of time but that of space too. Knowing something
of the general theory of point sets, I felt vaguely that the young
mathematical discipline topology might be of some help in making
psychology a real science. I began studying topology and making use
of its concepts, which soon appeared to me particularly fitted to
the specific problems of psychology. However, this undertaking
expanded rapidly, forcing me to consider wider and wider fields of
psychology and to face more and more involved problems. That is the
reason why this book has seen quite a number of unfinished and
unpublished editions, and why it does not yet contain the vector
psychology. The main diffi culty has not been the mastering of the
mathematical problems as uch, at least insofar as the topological
problems are concerned. After several attempts to employ the more
complicated concepts of topology, I found it both sufficient and
more fruitful to refer to the most simple topological concepts
only. Vector psychology will, of course, require a moreelaborate
mathematical setup and will in all probability even make
it-necessary to enter a somewhat undeveloped field of mathematics.
But the main difficulty was the dealing with problems which lie, so
to say, between psychology and mathematics...
Many of the earliest books, particularly those dating back to the
1900s and before, are now extremely scarce and increasingly
expensive. We are republishing these classic works in affordable,
high quality, modern editions, using the original text and artwork.
EXPERIMENTS IN PSYCHOLOGY Davis PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING Dorcus and
Jones HANDBOOK OF EMPLOYEE SELECTION Dunlap RELIGION ITS FUNCTIONS
IN HUMAN LIFE Ghiselli and Brown PERSONNEL AND INDUSTRIAL
PSYCHOLOGY Gray PSYCHOLOGY IN HUMAN AFFAIRS Guilford FUNDAMENTAL
STATISTICS IN PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCA TION Guilford PSYCHOMETRIC
METHODS Hurlock ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT Hurlock CHILD DEVELOPMENT
Johnson ESSENTIALS OF PSYCHOLOGY Krech and Crutchfield THEORY AND
PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL PSY CHOLOGY Lewin A DYNAMIC THEORY OF
PERSONALITY Lewin PRINCIPLES OF TOPOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY Maier
FRUSTRATION Maier and Schneirla PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY
Miller EXPERIMENTS IN SOCIAL PROCESS Moore PSYCHOLOGY FOR BUSINESS
AND INDUSTRY Morgan and Stellar PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY Page
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Pillsbury AN ELEMENTARY PSYCHOLOGY or THE
ABNORMAL Reymert FEELINGS AND EMOTIONS Richards MODERN CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGY Seashore PSYCHOLOGY OF Music Seward SEX AND THE SOCIAL
ORDER Stagner PSYCHOLOGY OF PERSONALITY Wallin PERSONALITY
MALADJUSTMENTS AND MENTAL HYGIENE John F. Dashiell was Consulting
Editor of this series from its inception in 1931 until January 1,
1950. PRINCIPLES OF TOPOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY BY KURT LEWIN Professo r
of Child Psychology, Iowa Child-Welfare Research Station University
of Iowa TRANSLATED BY FRITZ HEIDER Assistant Professor, Department
of Education, Smith College AND GRACE M. HEIDER FIRST EDITION
SDCTEC IMPRESSION McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, INC, NEW YORK AND
LONDON 1936 COPYRIGHT, 1936, BY THE MCGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, INC.
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STA1ES OP AMERICA All rights reserved. This
book, or parts thereof j may not be reproduced in any form without
permission of the publishers. THE MAPLE PRESSCOMPANY, YORK, PA, To
THE HEBREW UNIVERSITY Jerusalem PREFACE DR. WOLFGANG KOHLER
Swarthmore College Swarthmore, Pa. DEAR KOHLER This book is the
result of a very slow growth. I remember the moment when more than
ten years ago it occurred to me that the figures on the blackboard
which were to illustrate some problems for a group in psychology
might after all be not merely illustrations but representations of
real concepts. Much interested in the theory of science, I had
already in 1912 as a student defended the thesis against a then
fully accepted philo sophical dictum that psychology, dealing with
manifolds of coexist ing facts, would be finally forced to use not
only the concept of time but that of space too. Knowing something
of the general theory of point sets, I felt vaguely that the young
mathematical discipline topology might be of some help in making
psychology a real science. I began studying topology and making use
of its concepts, which soon appeared to me particularly fitted to
the specific problems of psychology. However, this undertaking
expanded rapidly, forcing me to consider wider and wider fields of
psychology and to face more and more involved problems. That is the
reason why this book has seen quite a number of unfinished and
unpublished editions, and why it does not yet contain the vector
psychology. The main diffi culty has not been the mastering of the
mathematical problems as uch, at least insofar as the topological
problems are concerned. After several attempts to employ the more
complicated concepts of topology, I found it both sufficient and
more fruitful to refer to the most simple topological concepts
only. Vector psychology will, of course, require a moreelaborate
mathematical setup and will in all probability even make
it-necessary to enter a somewhat undeveloped field of mathematics.
But the main difficulty was the dealing with problems which lie, so
to say, between psychology and mathematics...
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