One of the key scientific challenges is the puzzle of human cooperation. Why do people cooperate? Why do people help strangers, even sometimes at a major cost to themselves? Why do people want to punish others who violate norms and undermine collective interests? Reward and punishment is a classic theme in research on social dilemmas. More recently, it has received considerable attention from scientists working in various disciplines such as economics, neuroscience, and psychology. We know now that reward and punishment can promote cooperation in so-called public good dilemmas, where people need to decide how much from their personal resources to contribute to the public good. Clearly, enjoying the contributions of others while not contributing is tempting. Punishment (and reward) are effective in reducing free-riding. Yet the recent explosion of research has also triggered many questions. For example, who can reward and punish most effectively? Is punishment effective in any culture? What are the emotions that accompany reward and punishment? Even if reward and punishment are effective, are they also efficient - knowing that rewards and punishment are costly to administer? How can sanctioning systems best organized to be reduce free-riding? The chapters in this book, the first in a series on human cooperation, explore the workings of reward and punishment, how they should be organized, and their functions in society, thereby providing a synthesis of the psychology, economics, and neuroscience of human cooperation.

One of the key scientific challenges is the puzzle of human cooperation. Why do people cooperate? Why do people help strangers, even sometimes at a major cost to themselves? Why do people want to punish people who violate norms and undermine collective interests? This book is inspired by the fact that social dilemmas, defined in terms of conflicts between (often short-term) self-interest and (often longer-term) collective interest, are omnipresent. The book centers on two major themes. The first theme centers on the theoretical understanding of human cooperation: are people indeed other-regarding? The second theme is more practical, and perhaps normative: how can cooperation be promoted? This question is at the heart of the functioning of relationships, organizations, as well as the society as a whole. In capturing the breadth and relevance of social dilemmas and psychology of human cooperation, this book is structured in three parts. The first part focuses on the definition of social dilemmas, along with the historical development of scientific theorizing of human cooperation and the development of social dilemma as a game in which to study cooperation. The second part presents three chapters, each of which adopts a relatively unique perspective on human cooperation: an evolutionary perspective, a psychological perspective, and a cultural perspective. The third part focuses on applications of social dilemmas in domains as broad and important as management and organizations, environmental issues, politics, national security, and health. Social Dilemmas is strongly inspired by the notion that science is never finished. Each chapter therefore concludes with a discussion of two (or more) basic issues that are often inherently intriguing, and often need more research and theory. The concluding chapter outlines avenues for future directions.

A bold and spirited reimagining of the myth of Odysseus, The World's Desire begins with Odysseus utterly alone. His kingdom of Ithaca is an empty, abandoned wasteland. His beloved wife Penelope is dead and his patron goddess Athena has forsaken him. The famous wanderer is without kin and without purpose on an island he no longer knows. But then Aphrodite visits Odysseus and sends him on a quest to find the world's desire, the face that launched a thousand ships: the woman he once knew as Helen of Troy. Armed with his legendary bow, Odysseus's final journey takes him to a court riven by murderous factions, ruled by a queen who is haunted by dreams of Odysseus's face. . .

This thoroughly revised Handbook presents an up-to-date political and philosophical history of global constitutionalism. By exploring the constitutional-like qualities of international affairs, it provides key insights into the evolving world order. Through a sustained examination of current events, as well as an acknowledgement of the significance of early constitutional history, this erudite Handbook brings together contributions from world-leading academics. New chapters offer timely commentaries on important developments in methodology such as postcolonial and feminist approaches. By providing additional scope for analysis, this updated edition further emphasises the central message of the first: that the global order cannot be understood without a clear comprehension of constitutional theory. The Handbook on Global Constitutionalism will act as an essential resource for scholars and academics of law, politics and human rights. Due to its comprehensive examination of vital concepts such as legal theory, it will additionally be beneficial for practitioners and policy makers.

Die meeste sterre is lankal dood is die bekroonde digter Johann de Lange se dertiende bundel. Dit bestaan uit ses afdelings, deurgaans gewy aan vlietende oomblikke vasgevang in 'n vers ("om met woorde die onsegbare te sê"). Die bundel het 'n elegiese toonaard, en word oorheers deur 'n bewustheid van verlies & verganklikheid, van "inskaduwings van die lig". Verse oor die skryfproses figureer as teenvoeter vir die verbygaande aard van mens wees. Dit is verse vir "my mooi dooies". In "Oggendmusiek" beskryf die digter 'n vroegoggendkoor van voëls voor sonsopkoms, elders 'n koorddanser, voetjie vir voetjie oor die spantou. Soos in sy vorige werk is die erotiese verse 'n hoogtepunt in die bundel, bv in "Ode aan die mielie": "Nét so, nog aan die oggend ­­ tussen die syige bene van die dag ­­staan hy, volryp, pittig & reg."

Bloed & sneeu

Bloed op sneeu is ’n pasgebore rooi,
van iets gewond, ’n struikelende spoor.
En die sneeu? Is daar énigiets so mooi,
so prilwit gespits, as ’n haseoor?

Maya was miserable. She hadn't been out for a good walk for weeks. London was smothered in a crippling fog, and her human said walking was too dangerous. Then she makes a discovery that leads her to a magical world that changes her life and the lives of everyone around her. Spelling bee included!