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This study examines how postcolonial landscapes and environmental
issues are represented in fiction. Wright creates a provocative
discourse in which the fields of postcolonial theory and
ecocriticism are brought together.
Laura Wright explores the changes brought by colonialism and
globalization as depicted in an array of international works of
fiction in four thematically arranged chapters. She looks first at
two traditional oral histories retold in modern novels, Zakes Mda's
"The Heart of Redness "(South Africa) and Ngugi wa Thiong'o's
"Petals of Blood" (Kenya), that deal with the potentially
devastating effects of development, particularly through
deforestation and the replacement of native flora with European
varieties. Wright then uses J. M. Coetzee's "Disgrace" (South
Africa), Yann Martel's "Life of Pi" (India and Canada), and Joy
Williams's "The Quick and the Dead" (United States) to explore the
use of animals as metaphors for subjugated groups of individuals.
The third chapter deals with India's water crisis via Arundhati
Roy's activism and her novel, "The God of Small Things." Finally,
Wright looks at three novels--Flora Nwapa's "Efuru" (Nigeria), Keri
Hulme's "The Bone People" (New Zealand), and Sindiwe Magona's
"Mother to Mother" (South Africa)--that depict women's
relationships to the land from which they have been dispossessed.
Throughout "Wilderness into Civilized Shapes," Wright
rearticulates questions about the role of the writer of fiction as
environmental activist and spokesperson, the connections between
animal ethics and environmental responsibility, and the potential
perpetuation of a neocolonial framework founded on western
commodification and resource-based imperialism.
This inescapably controversial study envisions, defines, and
theorizes an area that Laura Wright calls vegan studies. We have an
abundance of texts on vegans and veganism including works of
advocacy, literary and popular fiction, film and television, and
cookbooks, yet until now, there has been no study that examines the
social and cultural discourses shaping our perceptions of veganism
as an identity category and social practice. Ranging widely across
contemporary American society and culture, Wright unpacks the
loaded category of vegan identity. She examines the mainstream
discourse surrounding and connecting animal rights to (or omitting
animal rights from) veganism. Her specific focus is on the
construction and depiction of the vegan body-both male and
female-as a contested site manifest in contemporary works of
literature, popular cultural representations, advertising, and new
media. At the same time, Wright looks at critical animal studies,
human-animal studies, posthumanism, and ecofeminism as theoretical
frameworks that inform vegan studies (even as they differ from it).
The vegan body, says Wright, threatens the status quo in terms of
what we eat, wear, and purchase-and also in how vegans choose not
to participate in many aspects of the mechanisms undergirding
mainstream culture. These threats are acutely felt in light of
post-9/11 anxieties over American strength and virility. A
discourse has emerged that seeks, among other things, to bully
veganism out of existence as it is poised to alter the dominant
cultural mindset or, conversely, to constitute the vegan body as an
idealized paragon of health, beauty, and strength. What better
serves veganism is exemplified by Wright's study: openness, debate,
inquiry, and analysis.
Textbooks inform readers that the precursor of Standard English was
supposedly an East or Central Midlands variety which became adopted
in London; that monolingual fifteenth century English manuscripts
fall into internally-cohesive Types; and that the fourth Type,
dating after 1435 and labelled 'Chancery Standard', provided the
mechanism by which this supposedly Midlands variety spread out from
London. This set of explanations is challenged by taking a
multilingual perspective, examining Anglo-Norman French, Medieval
Latin and mixed-language contexts as well as monolingual English
ones. By analysing local and legal documents, mercantile accounts,
personal letters and journals, medical and religious prose,
multiply-copied works, and the output of individual scribes,
standardisation is shown to have been preceded by supralocalisation
rather than imposed top-down as a single entity by governmental
authority. Linguistic features examined include syntax, morphology,
vocabulary, spelling, letter-graphs, abbreviations and suspensions,
social context and discourse norms, pragmatics, registers,
text-types, communities of practice social networks, and the
multilingual backdrop, which was influenced by shifting
socioeconomic trends.
Texts of the past were often not monolingual but were produced by
and for people with bi- or multilingual repertoires; the
communicative practices witnessed in them therefore reflect ongoing
and earlier language contact situations. However, textbooks and
earlier research tend to display a monolingual bias. This collected
volume on multilingual practices in historical materials, including
code-switching, highlights the importance of a multilingual
approach. The authors explore multilingualism in hitherto neglected
genres, periods and areas, introduce new methods of locating and
analysing multiple languages in various sources, and review
terminology, theories and tools. The studies also revisit some of
the issues already introduced in previous research, such as Latin
interacting with European vernaculars and the complex relationship
between code-switching and lexical borrowing. Collectively, the
contributors show that multilingual practices share many of the
same features regardless of time and place, and that one way or the
other, all historical texts are multilingual. This book takes the
next step in historical multilingualism studies by establishing the
relevance of the multilingual approach to understanding language
history.
Most of the world's Extraterritorial Englishes stem historically
from southern English dialects - Southern England having been the
most densely-habited part of the country. However, the dialects of
Southern England remain under-studied. The papers in this volume
consider both diachronic and synchronic aspects of the dialects of
Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Kent, Sussex, Dorset, Somerset, Devon,
Cornwall, Gloucestershire and the Isles of Scilly.
The complex linguistic situation of earlier multilingual Britain
has led to numerous contact-induced changes in the history of
English. However, bi- and multilingual texts, which are attested in
a large variety of text types, are still an underresearched aspect
of earlier linguistic contact. Such texts, which switch between
Latin, English and French, have increasingly been recognized as
instances of written code-switching and as highly relevant evidence
for the linguistic strategies which medieval and early modern
multilingual speakers used for different purposes. The
contributions in this volume approach this phenomenon of
mixed-language texts from the point of view of code-switching, an
important mechanism of linguistic change. Based on a variety of
text types and genres from the medieval and Early Modern English
periods, the individual papers present detailed linguistic analyses
of a large number of texts, addressing a variety of issues,
including methodological questions as well as functional,
pragmatic, syntactic and lexical aspects of language mixing. The
very specific nature of language mixing in some text types also
raises important theoretical questions such as the distinction
between borrowing and switching, the existence of discrete
linguistic codes in earlier multilingual Britain and, more
generally, the possible limits of the code-switching paradigm for
the analysis of these mixed texts from the early history of
English. Thus the volume is of particular interest not only for
historical linguists, medievalists and students of the history of
English, but also for sociolinguists, psycholinguists, language
theorists and typologists.
This wide-ranging volume explores the tension between the dietary
practice of veganism and the manifestation, construction, and
representation of a vegan identity in today’s society. Emerging
in the early 21st century, vegan studies is distinct from more
familiar conceptions of "animal studies," an umbrella term for a
three-pronged field that gained prominence in the late 1990s and
early 2000s, consisting of critical animal studies, human animal
studies, and posthumanism. While veganism is a consideration of
these modes of inquiry, it is a decidedly different entity, an
ethical delineator that for many scholars marks a complicated
boundary between theoretical pursuit and lived experience. The
Routledge Handbook of Vegan Studies is the must-have reference for
the important topics, problems, and key debates in the subject area
and is the first of its kind. Comprising over 30 chapters by a team
of international contributors, this handbook is divided into five
parts: History of vegan studies Vegan studies in the disciplines
Theoretical intersections Contemporary media entanglements Veganism
around the world These sections contextualize veganism beyond its
status as a dietary choice, situating veganism within broader
social, ethical, legal, theoretical, and artistic discourses. This
book will be essential reading for students and researchers of
vegan studies, animal studies, and environmental ethics.
This book traces the development of Standard English, revealing a complex and intriguing history that challenges the usual textbook accounts. Leading scholars offer a wide-ranging analysis, from theoretical discussions of the origin of dialects, to detailed descriptions of the history of individual Standard English features. Ranging from Middle English to the Modern English period, the volume concludes that Standard English had no one single ancestor dialect, but is the cumulative result of generations of authoritative writing from many text types.
Writing "Out of all the Camps": J. M. Coetzee's Narratives of
Displacement is an interdisciplinary examination--combining
ethical, postcolonial, performance, gender-based, and environmental
theory--of the ways that 2003 Nobel Prize-winning South African
novelist J. M. Coetzee, primarily through his voicing of a female
subject position and his presentation of a voiceless subjectivity,
the animal, displaces both the narrative and authorial voice in his
works of fiction. Coetzee's work remains outside of conventional
notions of genre by virtue of the free indirect discourse that
characterizes many of his third-person narrated texts that feature
male protagonists (Life & Times of Michael K, The Master of
Petersburg, and Disgrace), various and differing first-person
narrative accounts of the same story (Dusklands, In the Heart of
the Country), the use of female narrators and female narrative
personas (Age of Iron, The Lives of Animals), and unlocatable,
ahistorical contexts (Waiting for the Barbarians). The work has
broad academic appeal in the established fields of not only
literary studies--postcolonial, contemporary, postmodern and
environmental--but also in the realm of performance and gender
studies. Because of its broad and interdisciplinary range, this
text bridges a conspicuous gap in studies on Coetzee.
Combining postcolonial, performance, gender-based and environmental
theory, this book examines the ways in which Nobel Prize winning
author J.M. Coetzee displaces both the narrative and authorial
voice in his works of fiction.
Using a wide range of twentieth-century literary prose Laura Wright
and Jonathan Hope provide an `interactive' introduction to the
techniques of stylistic analysis. Divided up into five sections;
the noun phrase, the verb phrase, the clause, text structure and
vocabulary, the book also provides an introduction to the basics of
descriptive grammar for beginning students. * Presumes no prior
linguistic knowledge * Provides a comprehensive glossary of terms *
Adaptable: designed to be used in a variety of classroom contexts *
Introduces students to an enormous range of 20th century literature
from James Joyce to Roddy Doyle A practical coursebook rather than
a survey account of stylistics as a discipline, the book provides
over forty opportunities for hands-on stylistic analysis. For each
linguistic feature under discussion the reader is offered a
definition, a text for analysis, exercises and tasks, in addition
to a suggested solution. Stylistics: A Practical Coursebook is
genuinely `student friendly' and will be an invaluable tool for all
beginning undergraduates and A-level students of language and
literature.
Essays reappraising the relationship between the various languages
of late medieval Britain. The languages of later medieval Britain
are here seen as no longerseparate or separable, but as needing to
be treated and studied together to discover the linguistic reality
of medieval Britain and make a meaningful assessment ofthe
relationship between the languages, and the role, status, function
or subsequent history of any of them. This theme emerges from all
the articles collected here from leading international experts in
their fields, dealing withlaw, language, Welsh history,
sociolinguistics and historical lexicography. The documents and
texts studied include a Vatican register of miracles in
fourteenth-century Hereford, medical treatises, municipal records
from York, teaching manuals, gild registers, and an account of work
done on the bridges of the river Thames. Contributors: PAUL BRAND,
BEGON CRESPO GARCIA, TONY HUNT, LUIS IGLESIAS-RABADE, LISA
JEFFERSON, ANDRES M. KRISTOL, FRANKWALTMOHREN, MICHAEL RICHTER,
WILLIAM ROTHWELL, HERBERT SCHENDL, LLINOS BEVERLEY SMITH, D.A.
TROTTER, EDMUIND WEINER, LAURA WRIGHT Professor D.A. TROTTER is
Professor of French and Head of Department of European Languages at
the University of Wales, Aberystwyth.
Textbooks inform readers that the precursor of Standard English was
supposedly an East or Central Midlands variety which became adopted
in London; that monolingual fifteenth century English manuscripts
fall into internally-cohesive Types; and that the fourth Type,
dating after 1435 and labelled 'Chancery Standard', provided the
mechanism by which this supposedly Midlands variety spread out from
London. This set of explanations is challenged by taking a
multilingual perspective, examining Anglo-Norman French, Medieval
Latin and mixed-language contexts as well as monolingual English
ones. By analysing local and legal documents, mercantile accounts,
personal letters and journals, medical and religious prose,
multiply-copied works, and the output of individual scribes,
standardisation is shown to have been preceded by supralocalisation
rather than imposed top-down as a single entity by governmental
authority. Linguistic features examined include syntax, morphology,
vocabulary, spelling, letter-graphs, abbreviations and suspensions,
social context and discourse norms, pragmatics, registers,
text-types, communities of practice social networks, and the
multilingual backdrop, which was influenced by shifting
socioeconomic trends.
This wide-ranging volume explores the tension between the dietary
practice of veganism and the manifestation, construction, and
representation of a vegan identity in today's society. Emerging in
the early 21st century, vegan studies is distinct from more
familiar conceptions of "animal studies," an umbrella term for a
three-pronged field that gained prominence in the late 1990s and
early 2000s, consisting of critical animal studies, human animal
studies, and posthumanism. While veganism is a consideration of
these modes of inquiry, it is a decidedly different entity, an
ethical delineator that for many scholars marks a complicated
boundary between theoretical pursuit and lived experience. The
Routledge Handbook of Vegan Studies is the must-have reference for
the important topics, problems, and key debates in the subject area
and is the first of its kind. Comprising over 30 chapters by a team
of international contributors, this handbook is divided into five
parts: History of vegan studies Vegan studies in the disciplines
Theoretical intersections Contemporary media entanglements Veganism
around the world These sections contextualize veganism beyond its
status as a dietary choice, situating veganism within broader
social, ethical, legal, theoretical, and artistic discourses. This
book will be essential reading for students and researchers of
vegan studies, animal studies, and environmental ethics.
The fourteen essays presented here discuss the development of
English during the Middle English period: how the language
developed from Old English, linguistic innovations, and the loss
and abandonment of certain words and constructions. A common theme
is variation and variability - dialectal, social, temporal,
stylistic and idiolectal - with much work fitting under the heading
of historical pragmatics. Some of the essays also shed light on
everyday life, customs, culture and religious practices during the
period. Collectively, the essays make it clear that searchable
computerized corpora have become indispensible tools of the
discipline, with several contributors describing new corpora
created to their own specifications.
"At Naropa University's Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied
Poetics, there has long been an illuminating, dynamic, ongoing
exchange of ideas about the history and legacy of the Beat
Generation--an exchange fortunately that has been carefully
archived and preserved. This valuable anthology does not further
embalm the 'legend' of the Beats. Instead it allows its readers to
hear authentic voices --Allen Ginsberg, William Burroughs, John
Clellon Holmes, Diane di Prima, Philip Whalen, etc.--as well as
introducing the thoughtful and responsible work of leading Beat
scholars."--Joyce Johnson Amassed from the riches of the Naropa
University audio archives, this collection offers an exciting new
look at the Beats--whose influence lives on in the art and politics
of our time. In this often spontaneous, conversational book,
readers are introduced to the hard truths behind being a Beat
woman, the haunting accuracy of William Burroughs's world-view, the
passion and energy of Allen Ginsberg and Anne Waldman, Jack
Kerouac's unexpected musicality, Diane DiPrima's foray into small
press publishing, Michael McClure's account of the famous first
reading of "Howl," and, most of all, the inspirations behind
America's most provocative and prescient thinkers.Contributors
include:
David Amram
Amiri Baraka
Ted Berrigan
Junior Burke
William S. Burroughs
Lorna Dee Cervantes
Ann Charters
Clark Coolidge
Gregory Corso
Diane di Prima
Lawrence Ferlinghetti
Rick Fields
Allen Ginsberg
David Henderson
Abbie Hoffman
John Clellon Holmes
Joyce Johnson
Hettie Jones
Edie Parker Kerouac
Joanne Kyger
Michael McClure
William S. Merwin
John Oughton
Marjorie Perloff
David Rome
Edward Sanders
Gary Snyder
Janine Pommy Vega
Steven Taylor
Chogyam Trungpa, Rinpoche
Anne Waldman
Philip Whalen
Laura Wright
Joshua Zim
Using a wide range of twentieth-century literary prose Laura Wright and Jonathan Hope provide an `interactive' introduction to the techniques of stylistic analysis. Divided up into five sections; the noun phrase, the verb phrase, the clause, text structure and vocabulary, the book also provides an introduction to the basics of descriptive grammar for beginning students. * Presumes no prior linguistic knowledge * Provides a comprehensive glossary of terms * Adaptable: designed to be used in a variety of classroom contexts * Introduces students to an enormous range of 20th century literature from James Joyce to Roddy Doyle A practical coursebook rather than a survey account of stylistics as a discipline, the book provides over forty opportunities for hands-on stylistic analysis. For each linguistic feature under discussion the reader is offered a definition, a text for analysis, exercises and tasks, in addition to a suggested solution. Stylistics: A Practical Coursebook is genuinely `student friendly' and will be an invaluable tool for all beginning undergraduates and A-level students of language and literature. eBook available with sample pages: 020314757X
Collection examining the Anglo-Norman language in a variety of
texts and contexts, in military, legal, literary and other forms.
The question of the development of Anglo-Norman (the variety of
medieval French used in the British Isles), and the role it played
in the life of the medieval English kingdom, is currently a major
topic of scholarly debate. The essays in this volume examine it
from a variety of different perspectives and contexts, though with
a concentration on the theme of linguistic contact between
Anglo-Norman and English, seeking to situate it more precisely in
space and time than has hitherto been the case. Overall they show
how Anglo-Norman retained a strong presence in the linguistic life
of England until a strikingly late date, and how it constitutes a
rich and highly valuable record of theFrench language in the middle
ages. Contributors: Richard Ingham, Anthony Lodge, William
Rothwell, David Trotter, Mark Chambers, Louise Sylvester, Anne
Curry, Adrian Bell, Adam Chapman, Andy King, David Simpkin, Paul
Brand, Jean-Pascal Pouzet, Laura Wright, Eric Haeberli.
Vegan literary studies has been crystallised over the past few
years as a dynamic new specialism, with a transhistorical and
transnational scope that both nuances and expands literary history
and provides new tools and paradigms through which to approach
literary analysis. Vegan studies has emerged alongside the 'animal
turn' in the humanities. However, while veganism is often
considered as a facet of animal studies, broadly conceived, it is
also a distinct entity, an ethical delineator that for many
scholars marks a complicated boundary between theoretical pursuit
and lived experience. This collection of 25 essays maps and engages
with that which might be termed the 'vegan turn' in literary
theoretical analysis via essays that explore literature from across
a range of historical periods, cultures and textual forms. It
provides thematic explorations (such as veganism and race and
veganism and gender) and covers a wide range of genres (from the
philosophical essay to speculative fiction, and from poetry to the
graphic novel, to name a few). The volume also provides an
extensive annotated bibliography summarising existing work within
the emergent field of vegan studies.
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