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This ground-breaking Handbook presents a state-of-the-art
exploration of entropy, complexity, and spatial dynamics from
fundamental theoretical, empirical and methodological perspectives.
It considers how foundational theories can contribute to new
advances, including novel modeling and empirical insights at
different sectoral, spatial, and temporal scales. With the help of
leading experts worldwide, the Handbook examines how and to what
extent entropic and non-entropic forces and processes in complex
spatial socio-economic systems shape and are shaped by their
structure and dynamics. Moreover, considering current concerns that
big data and related data-driven methods may signal an end to
theory, this Handbook is intended to investigate the potential and
possibilities for complexity science to engage, revitalize, and
advance theory in spatial economics. Overall, this Handbook reaches
beyond qualitative generalizations, contributing to the
identification of fundamental structural and dynamic properties of
the complex space-economy. Drawing upon diverse foundations and
perspectives, the Handbook on Entropy, Complexity and Spatial
Dynamics: A Rebirth of Theory? will be an essential resource for
researchers and students of many fields and disciplines, including
economics, urban planning and geography, regional science,
information science, physics, and biology.
One aspect of the new economy is a transition to a networked
society, and the emergence of a highly interconnected,
interdependent and complex system of networks to move people, goods
and information. An example of this is the in creasing reliance of
networked systems (e. g. , air transportation networks, electric
power grid, maritime transport, etc. ) on telecommunications and
information in frastructure. Many of the networks that evolved
today have an added complexity in that they have both a spatial
structure - i. e. , they are located in physical space but also an
a spatial dimension brought on largely by their dependence on infor
mation technology. They are also often just one component of a
larger system of geographically integrated and overlapping networks
operating at different spatial levels. An understanding of these
complexities is imperative for the design of plans and policies
that can be used to optimize the efficiency, performance and safety
of transportation, telecommunications and other networked systems.
In one sense, technological advances along with economic forces
that encourage the clustering of activities in space to reduce
transaction costs have led to more efficient network structures. At
the same time the very properties that make these networks more ef
ficient have also put them at a greater risk for becoming
disconnected or signifi cantly disruptedwh en super connected nodes
are removed either intentionally or through a targeted attack.
One aspect of the new economy is a transition to a networked
society, and the emergence of a highly interconnected,
interdependent and complex system of networks to move people, goods
and information. An example of this is the in creasing reliance of
networked systems (e. g. , air transportation networks, electric
power grid, maritime transport, etc. ) on telecommunications and
information in frastructure. Many of the networks that evolved
today have an added complexity in that they have both a spatial
structure - i. e. , they are located in physical space but also an
a spatial dimension brought on largely by their dependence on infor
mation technology. They are also often just one component of a
larger system of geographically integrated and overlapping networks
operating at different spatial levels. An understanding of these
complexities is imperative for the design of plans and policies
that can be used to optimize the efficiency, performance and safety
of transportation, telecommunications and other networked systems.
In one sense, technological advances along with economic forces
that encourage the clustering of activities in space to reduce
transaction costs have led to more efficient network structures. At
the same time the very properties that make these networks more ef
ficient have also put them at a greater risk for becoming
disconnected or signifi cantly disruptedwh en super connected nodes
are removed either intentionally or through a targeted attack.
Recent technological advancements and other related factors and
trends are contributing to the production of an astoundingly large
and rapidly accelerating collection of data, or 'Big Data'. This
data now allows us to examine urban and regional phenomena in ways
that were previously not possible. Despite the tremendous potential
of big data for regional science, its use and application in this
context is fraught with issues and challenges. This book brings
together leading contributors to present an interdisciplinary,
agenda-setting and action-oriented platform for research and
practice in the urban and regional community. This book provides a
comprehensive, multidisciplinary and cutting-edge perspective on
big data for regional science. Chapters contain a collection of
research notes contributed by experts from all over the world with
a wide array of disciplinary backgrounds. The content is organized
along four themes: sources of big data; integration, processing and
management of big data; analytics for big data; and, higher level
policy and programmatic considerations. As well as concisely and
comprehensively synthesising work done to date, the book also
considers future challenges and prospects for the use of big data
in regional science. Big Data for Regional Science provides a
seminal contribution to the field of regional science and will
appeal to a broad audience, including those at all levels of
academia, industry, and government.
Recent technological advancements and other related factors and
trends are contributing to the production of an astoundingly large
and rapidly accelerating collection of data, or 'Big Data'. This
data now allows us to examine urban and regional phenomena in ways
that were previously not possible. Despite the tremendous potential
of big data for regional science, its use and application in this
context is fraught with issues and challenges. This book brings
together leading contributors to present an interdisciplinary,
agenda-setting and action-oriented platform for research and
practice in the urban and regional community. This book provides a
comprehensive, multidisciplinary and cutting-edge perspective on
big data for regional science. Chapters contain a collection of
research notes contributed by experts from all over the world with
a wide array of disciplinary backgrounds. The content is organized
along four themes: sources of big data; integration, processing and
management of big data; analytics for big data; and, higher level
policy and programmatic considerations. As well as concisely and
comprehensively synthesising work done to date, the book also
considers future challenges and prospects for the use of big data
in regional science. Big Data for Regional Science provides a
seminal contribution to the field of regional science and will
appeal to a broad audience, including those at all levels of
academia, industry, and government.
This encyclopedia will be an essential resource for our times,
reflecting the fact that we currently are living in an expanding
data-driven world. Technological advancements and other related
trends are contributing to the production of an astoundingly large
and exponentially increasing collection of data and information,
referred to in popular vernacular as "Big Data." Social media and
crowdsourcing platforms and various applications "apps" are
producing reams of information from the instantaneous transactions
and input of millions and millions of people around the globe. The
Internet-of-Things (IoT), which is expected to comprise tens of
billions of objects by the end of this decade, is actively sensing
real-time intelligence on nearly every aspect of our lives and
environment. The Global Positioning System (GPS) and other
location-aware technologies are producing data that is specific
down to particular latitude and longitude coordinates and seconds
of the day. Large-scale instruments, such as the Large Hadron
Collider (LHC), are collecting massive amounts of data on our
planet and even distant corners of the visible universe.
Digitization is being used to convert large collections of
documents from print to digital format, giving rise to large
archives of unstructured data. Innovations in technology, in the
areas of Cloud and molecular computing, Artificial
Intelligence/Machine Learning, and Natural Language Processing
(NLP), to name only a few, also are greatly expanding our capacity
to store, manage, and process Big Data. In this context, the
Encyclopedia of Big Data is being offered in recognition of a world
that is rapidly moving from gigabytes to terabytes to petabytes and
beyond. While indeed large data sets have long been around and in
use in a variety of fields, the era of Big Data in which we now
live departs from the past in a number of key respects and with
this departure comes a fresh set of challenges and opportunities
that cut across and affect multiple sectors and disciplines, and
the public at large. With expanded analytical capacities at hand,
Big Data is now being used for scientific inquiry and
experimentation in nearly every (if not all) disciplines, from the
social sciences to the humanities to the natural sciences, and
more. Moreover, the use of Big Data has been well established
beyond the Ivory Tower. In today's economy, businesses simply
cannot be competitive without engaging Big Data in one way or
another in support of operations, management, planning, or simply
basic hiring decisions. In all levels of government, Big Data is
being used to engage citizens and to guide policy making in pursuit
of the interests of the public and society in general. Moreover,
the changing nature of Big Data also raises new issues and concerns
related to, for example, privacy, liability, security, access, and
even the veracity of the data itself. Given the complex issues
attending Big Data, there is a real need for a reference book that
covers the subject from a multi-disciplinary, cross-sectoral,
comprehensive, and international perspective. The Encyclopedia of
Big Data will address this need and will be the first of such
reference books to do so. Featuring some 500 entries, from "Access"
to "Zillow," the Encyclopedia will serve as a fundamental resource
for researchers and students, for decision makers and leaders, and
for business analysts and purveyors. Developed for those in
academia, industry, and government, and others with a general
interest in Big Data, the encyclopedia will be aimed especially at
those involved in its collection, analysis, and use. Ultimately,
the Encyclopedia of Big Data will provide a common platform and
language covering the breadth and depth of the topic for different
segments, sectors, and disciplines.
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