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R. H. Tawney was the most influential theorist and exponent of
socialism in Britain in the 20th century and also a leading
historian. Based on papers deposited at the London School of
Economics including a collection of personal material previously
held by his family, this book provides the first detailed
biography. Lawrence Goldman shows that to understand Tawney's work
it is necessary to understand his life.This biography takes a
broadly chronological approach, and uses this framework to examine
major themes, including Tawney's political thought and historical
writings. Tawney was the most representative of Labour's
intellectuals as well as the most influential, and the
contradictions he embodied are evident in the general history of
British socialism.
Lawrence Goldman examines the origins of social policies in the mid-Victorian period from the 1850s to the 1880s. He focuses on the Social Science Association (the SSA), a remarkable organization whose debates on Victorian society attracted many eminent and powerful contributors. The Association is famous for its influence over many different social policies, including the emancipation of women. It was the first and most important arena for the pioneer British feminists. Goldman depicts the SSA in the context of its age, and explains its relevance to politics, social life and intellectual development.
A defining feature of nineteenth-century Britain was its
fascination with statistics. The processes that made Victorian
society, including the growth of population, the development of
industry and commerce, and the increasing competence of the state,
generated profuse numerical data. This is a study of how such data
influenced every aspect of Victorian culture and thought, from the
methods of natural science and the struggle against disease, to the
development of social administration and the arguments and
conflicts between social classes. Numbers were collected in the
1830s by newly-created statistical societies in response to this
'data revolution'. They became a regular aspect of governmental
procedure thereafter, and inspired new ways of interrogating both
the natural and social worlds. William Farr used them to study
cholera; Florence Nightingale deployed them in campaigns for
sanitary improvement; Charles Babbage was inspired to design and
build his famous calculating engines to process them. The
mid-Victorians employed statistics consistently to make the case
for liberal reform. In later decades, however, the emergence of the
academic discipline of mathematical statistics - statistics as we
use them today - became associated with eugenics and a contrary
social philosophy. Where earlier statisticians emphasised the unity
of mankind, some later practitioners, following Francis Galton,
studied variation and difference within and between groups. In
chapters on learned societies, government departments,
international statistical collaborations, and different Victorian
statisticians, Victorians and Numbers traces the impact of numbers
on the era and the intriguing relationship of Victorian statistics
with 'Big Data' in our own age.
This book is a study of the relationships between social thought,
social policy and politics in Victorian Britain. Goldman focuses on
the activity of the National Association for the Promotion of
Social Science, known as the Social Science Association. For three
decades this served as a forum for the discussion of Victorian
social questions and as an influential adviser to governments, and
its history discloses how social policy was made in these years.
The Association, which attracted many powerful contributors,
including politicians, civil servants, intellectuals and reformers,
had influence over policy and legislation on matters as diverse as
public health and women's legal and social emancipation. The SSA
reveals the complex roots of social science and sociology buried in
the non-academic milieu of nineteenth-century reform. And its
influence in the United States and Europe allows for a comparative
approach to political and intellectual development in this period.
When Henry Fawcett died in 1884 he was among the most famous men of
his age. From a relatively humble background he had risen to become
Professor of Political Economy at Cambridge, a Liberal MP and a
minister in Gladstone's second government. And he had achieved all
this despite being blinded at the age of twenty-five in a shooting
accident. Indeed, he was probably the first blind MP in British
history. This book examines aspects of his life and career - his
personal life, including his friendship with the critic and writer,
Leslie Stephen, and his marriage to Millicent Garrett Fawcett, the
famous feminist; his intellectual contribution to Victorian culture
as a friend and disciple of John Stuart Mill; his influential role
as a populariser of economic thought from his position at
Cambridge; his political outlook and campaigns as a radical Liberal
who often opposed Gladstone, his party leader, for his timidity.
In the last twenty years one of the classical arenas for British
historical writing - the politics of Victorian Britain - has ceased
to be an obvious or self-evidently important subject. Facing up to
this challenge, the historians who have contributed to this volume
explore central aspects of that history. They continue to uphold
the centrality of politics to Victorian Britain, but suggest that
politics must be viewed more broadly, as a concern pervading almost
all spheres of life, just as Victorians themselves would have done.
In this way politics penetrates into Victorian culture. 'Politics'
can lead us into the ideas governing political action itself;
political ideas; international relations; the eduction of men and
women; the writing of history and of literature; engagement with
past political theorists; and the ideas behind professionalization.
Such are some of the themes taken up here. The specific occasion
for these essays was as a tribute to the memory of the late Colin
Matthew, one of the most eminent recent historians of Victorian
Britain, who was himself determined to uphold the contemporary
relevance of Victorian political tradition, and to explore the
interface between 'politics' and 'culture'. Reflection on his
intellectual achievement is a second distinctive component of this
book.
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The Federalist Papers (Paperback)
Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay, Lawrence Goldman
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The Federalist Papers--85 essays published in the winter of 1787-8
in the New York press--are some of the most crucial and defining
documents in American political history, laying out the principles
that still guide our democracy today. The three authors--Alexander
Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay--were respectively the first
Secretary of the Treasury, the fourth President, and the first
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in American history. Each had
played a crucial role in the events of the American Revolution, and
their essays make a compelling case for a new and united nation,
governed under a written Constitution that endures to this day. The
Federalist Papers are an indispensable guide to the intentions of
the founding fathers and a canonical text in the development of
western political thought. This is the first edition to explain the
many classical, mythological, and historical references in the
text, and to pay full attention to the erudition of the three
authors, which enabled them to place the infant American republic
in a long tradition of self-governing states.
About the Series: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has
made available the broadest spectrum of literature from around the
globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to
scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of
other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading
authorities, voluminous notes to clarify the text, up-to-date
bibliographies for further study, and much more.
This collection of twelve essays reviews the history of welfare in
Britain over the past 150 years. It focuses on the ideas that have
shaped the development of British social policy, and on the
thinkers who have inspired and also contested the welfare state. It
thereby constructs an intellectual history of British welfare since
the concept first emerged at the end of the nineteenth century. The
essays divide into four sections. The first considers the
transition from laissez-faire to social liberalism from the 1870s,
and the enduring impact of late-Victorian philosophical idealism on
the development of the welfare state. It focuses on the moral
philosophy of T. H. Green and his influence on key figures in the
history of British social policy like William Beveridge, R. H.
Tawney, and William Temple. The second section is devoted to the
concept of 'planning' which was once, in the mid-twentieth century,
at the heart of social policy and its implementation, but which has
subsequently fallen out of favour. A third section examines the
intellectual debate over the welfare state since its creation in
the 1940s. Though a consensus seemed to have emerged during the
Second World War over the desirability and scope of a welfare state
extending 'from the cradle to the grave', libertarian and
conservative critiques endured and re-emerged a generation later. A
final section examines social policy and its implementation more
recently, both at grass roots level in a study of community action
in West London in the districts made infamous by the fire at
Grenfell Tower in 2017, and at a systemic level where different
models of welfare provision are shown to be in uneasy co-existence
today. The collection is a tribute to Jose Harris, emeritus
professor of history in the University of Oxford and a pioneer of
the intellectual history of social policy. Taken together, these
essays conduct the reader through the key phases and debates in the
history of British welfare.
Who made modern Britain? This book, drawn from the award-winning
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, tells the story of our
recent past through the lives of those who shaped national life.
Following on from the Oxford DNB's first supplement
volume-noteworthy people who died between 2001 and 2004-this new
volume offers biographies of more than 850 men and women who left
their mark on twentieth and twenty-first century Britain, and who
died in the years 2005 to 2008. Here are the people responsible for
major developments in national life: from politics, the arts,
business, technology, and law to military service, sport,
education, science, and medicine. Many are closely connected to
specific periods in Britain's recent history. From the 1950s, the
young Harold Pinter or the Yorkshire cricketer, Fred Trueman, for
example. From the Sixties, the footballer George Best, photographer
Patrick Lichfield, and the Pink Floyd musician, Syd Barrett. It's
hard to look back to the 1970s without thinking of Edward Heath and
James Callaghan, who led the country for seven years in that
turbulent decade; or similarly Freddie Laker, pioneer of budget air
travel, and the comedians Ronnie Barker and Dave Allen who
entertained with their sketch shows and sit coms. A decade later
you probably browsed in Anita Roddick's Body Shop, or danced to the
music of Factory Records, established by the Manchester
entrepreneur, Tony Wilson. In the 1990s you may have hoped that
'Things can only get better' with a New Labour government which
included Robin Cook and Mo Mowlam. Many in this volume are
remembered for lives dedicated to a profession or cause: Bill
Deedes or Conor Cruise O'Brien in journalism; Ned Sherrin in
broadcasting or, indeed, Ted Heath whose political career spanned
more than 50 years. Others were responsible for discoveries or
innovations of lasting legacy and benefit-among them the
epidemiologist Richard Doll, who made the link between smoking and
lung cancer, Cicely Saunders, creator of the hospice movement, and
Chad Varah, founder of the Samaritans. With John Profumo-who gave
his name to a scandal-policeman Malcolm Fewtrell-who investigated
the Great Train Robbery-or the Russian dissident Aleksandr
Litvinenko-who was killed in London in 2006-we have individuals
best known for specific moments in our recent past. Others are
synonymous with popular objects and experiences evocative of recent
decades: Mastermind with Magnus Magnusson, the PG-Tips chimpanzees
trained by Molly Badham, John DeLorean's 'gull-wing' car, or the
new British Library designed by Colin St John Wilson-though, as
rounded and balanced accounts, Oxford DNB biographies also set
these events in the wider context of a person's life story.
Authoritative and accessible, the biographies in this volume are
written by specialist authors, many of them leading figures in
their field. Here you will find Michael Billington on Harold
Pinter, Michael Crick on George Best, Richard Davenport-Hines on
Anita Roddick, Brenda Hale on Rose Heilbron, Roy Hattersley on
James Callaghan, Simon Heffer on John Profumo, Douglas Hurd on
Edward Heath, Alex Jennings on Paul Scofield, Hermione Lee on Pat
Kavanagh, Geoffrey Wheatcroft on Conor Cruise O'Brien, and
Peregrine Worsthorne on Bill Deedes. Many in this volume are,
naturally, household names. But a good number are also remembered
for lives away from the headlines. What in the 1980s became
'Thatcherism' owed much to behind the scenes advice from Ralph
Harris and Alfred Sherman; children who learned to read with
Ladybird Books must thank their creator, Douglas Keen; while,
without its first producer, Verity Lambert, there would have been
no Doctor Who. Others are 'ordinary' people capable of remarkable
acts. Take, for instance, Arthur Bywater who over two days in 1944
cleared thousands of bombs from a Liverpool munitions factory
following an explosion-only to do the same, months later, in an
another factory.
Dons and Workers is a history of university adult education since
its origins in the mid-Victorian period. It focuses on the
University of Oxford, which came to lead the movement for adult and
working-class education, and which imprinted it with a distinctive
set of social and political objectives in the early years of the
twentieth century. It is also a study of the relationship between
intellectuals and the working class, for it has been through the
adult education movement that many of the leading figures in
liberal and socialist thought have made contact with workers and
their institutions over the last century and a half. The effect of
adult education on such figures as T.H. Green, Arnold Toynbee, R.H.
Tawney, G.D.H. Cole, William Temple, and Raymond Williams gives us
an insight into the evolution of ideas from late-Victorian
liberalism to twentieth-century socialism. Lawrence Goldman
considers the political divisions within working-class adult
education, and assesses the influence of this educational tradition
on the development of the labour movement. This book is intended
for scholars and students of 19th and 20th century intellectual
history, labour history, the history of
R. H. Tawney was the most influential theorist and exponent of
socialism in Britain in the 20th century and also a leading
historian. Based on papers deposited at the London School of
Economics, including a collection of personal material previously
held by his family, this book provides the first detailed
biography. Lawrence Goldman shows that to understand Tawney's work
it is necessary to understand his life. This biography takes a
broadly chronological approach, and uses this framework to examine
major themes, including Tawney's political thought and historical
writings. Tawney was the most representative of Labour's
intellectuals as well as the most influential, and the
contradictions he embodied are evident in the general history of
British socialism.
Dr. Joseph Silverman had it all. He had an insatiable appetite for
the California life style until a reversal of fortune sent him back
to his Southern roots. He fanaticized of a more sedate and dull
life in his rural town surroundings. But reality and fantasy make
strange bedfellows as he found out when he crossed paths with two
southern women, Justine and Colette. Joseph found out that life in
a small town is often seldom what it seems.
Who are the men and women who have shaped modern Britain? This new
book, drawn from the award-winning Oxford Dictionary of National
Biography, brings together the life stories of more than 800
individuals who died between 2001 and 2004. These are the people
responsible for some of the major developments in national life
during the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Alongside
those who left their mark in politics, the arts, business, law,
military service, sport, and education are leading figures in new
branches of science and medicine-such as genetics, transplantation,
and computing-and in new forms of entertainment and
communication-from Radio One to the mobile phone. Many of those
featured in this volume are remembered, as in the examples of Queen
Elizabeth, the queen mother, the broadcaster Alistair Cooke, the
politician Roy Jenkins, or the actor Thora Hird, for a career
spanning many decades. Some-including the Nuremberg prosecutor
Hartley Shawcross, the molecular biologists Francis Crick and
Maurice Wilkins, the musician George Harrison or the campaigner
Mary Whitehouse-are more closely associated with specific periods
in our post-war history. Others enter the national record
principally for what have since become landmark moments, be they
Nyree Porter's appearance in the Forsyte Saga, Kenneth
Wolstenholme's World Cup commentary, Brian Trubshaw's Concorde test
flight, or the controversy surrounding the weapons inspector David
Kelly in 2003. Authoritative and accessible, the biographies in
this volume are written by specialist authors, many of them leading
figures in their field. Here you will find Ned Sherrin on Spike
Milligan, Anthony Howard on Barbara Castle, Bel Mooney on Bernard
Levin, Geoffrey Owen on Arnold Weinstock, Paul Johnson on Lord
Longford, Patrick Moore on Fred Hoyle, Sarah Bradford on Princess
Margaret, Michael Beloff on George Carman, Mike Phillips on Val
McCalla, and Andrew Huxley on Bernard Katz, one of nine Nobel
laureates to appear in this collection. Alongside these figures are
less familiar names responsible for some well-known features of
modern British life-from Godfrey Hounsfield and George Hersee,
inventors of the CAT scanner and the test card, to Jack Worsley,
bringer of acupuncture, and Barry Bucknell, pioneer of television
DIY. And because this is the Oxford Dictionary of National
Biography, many of the lives also offer a range of wonderfully
entertaining insights. Inside you'll also meet the lawyer Peter
Carter-Ruck, whose Rolls Royce sported the number plate L1BEL;
Daniel Coxeter, the mathematician who ascribed his longevity to
daily headstands; and Ian Russell, the entrepreneurial duke of
Bedford, who wrote in the visitors' book of a rival: 'You should
come to Woburn. It is better.'
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