This book provides a unique perspective on atom economical utilization of biomass resources into value-added productions. Humins are inevitably formed during the process of biomass conversion, which compete with desired products, restrain the activity of catalyst and hinder the recycling of catalyst and separation of products. To further improve the efficiency of biomass conversion toward downstream products, unambiguous elucidation of the chemical structure and formation mechanism of humins are prerequisite. This book primarily presents the chemical structure analysis and formation mechanism of various biomass-derived humins, from simple molecular models to raw biomass resources. The chemical similarities and differences of various biomass-derived humins have been systematically summarized according to advanced analytical interpretation, which offers a comprehensive viewpoint for readers with chemistry, engineering and material backgrounds. Furthermore, the progress that has been achieved on humins valorization and future perspectives are discussed. Given its scope, this book can be treated as an informative resource for undergraduates, postgraduates, lecturers and researchers interested in biomass conversion from academia and industry from entry to professional levels.

This book explores the experiences and emotional expression of 30 people Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) using qualitative research methods such as "illness narratives," and analyzes the dilemmas of "sicknesses of the society" including "Acquired Needs Deficiency" Syndrome, "Acquired Expectation Insufficiency" Syndrome, and "Acquired Punishment" Syndrome at the micro, meso and macro levels, so as to investigate higher-intensity negative emotions.In turn, the book draws on the perspectives of conflict and game, structure and function, and system and interaction, in order to propose a dynamic mechanism of emotion and expression, and argues that these negative emotions can be transformed, strengthened and presented through defense mechanisms such as suppression and attribution, which will influence social institutions at the micro, meso and macro levels and even possibly bring about positive changes in the social structure.

Carbon dots (CDs) as an emerging carbon nanomaterial have attracted considerable attention and have been widely used in numerous fields. When compared with semiconductor quantum dots and organic dyes, CDs are a very friendly optical probe with low toxicity, good biocompatibility and good anti-photobleaching. These qualities give them the potential to be greener than other types of quantum dots and organic dyes. Covering several common synthesis strategies, including biomass synthesis, large-scale synthesis and sustainable synthesis technology, this book focuses on the green synthesis of CDs and their applications in the fields of bioanalytical, catalytic, biomedical, and environmental sciences. It is a useful reference for anyone working in green chemistry, analytical chemistry, biomedical or environmental science.

Precision Motion Systems: Modeling, Control, and Applications presents basic dynamics and the control knowledge needed for the daily challenges of researchers and professionals working in the field. The book explains accurate dynamics and control algorithms, along with experimental validation of precision systems in industrial, medical, airborne and spaceborne applications. By using the proposed experimental designs, readers will be able to make further developments and validations.

Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field.

Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field.

Modelling and Precision Control of Systems with Hysteresis covers the piezoelectric and other smart materials that are increasingly employed as actuators in precision engineering, from scanning probe microscopes (SPMs) in life science and nano-manufacturing, to precision active optics in astronomy, including space laser communication, space imaging cameras, and the micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). As smart materials are known for having hysteretic dynamics, it is necessary to overcome issues with a broadband range of frequencies. This book offers both the mathematical tools for modeling the systems and applications, including complete case studies and source code for the experiments to help both academics and researchers in the industry to achieve precision in the control of Smart Actuator systems.

This book studies the formation of complex societies in prehistoric China during the Neolithic and early state periods, c. 7000-1500 BC. Archaeological materials are interpreted through anthropological perspectives, using systematic analytic methods in settlement and burial patterns. Both agency and process are considered in the development of chiefdoms and in the emergence of early states in the Yellow River region. Interrelationships between factors such as mortuary practice, craft specialization, ritual activities, warfare, exchange of elite goods, climatic fluctuations, and environmental changes are emphasized. This study offers a critical evaluation of current archaeological data from Chinese sources, and argues that, although some general tendencies are noted, social changes were affected by multiple factors in no pre-determined sequence. In this most comprehensive study to date, Li Liu attempts to reconstruct developmental trajectories toward early states in Chinese civilization and discusses theoretical implications of Chinese archaeology for the understanding of social evolution.

Security and Policy Driven Computing covers recent advances in security, storage, parallelization, and computing as well as applications. The author incorporates a wealth of analysis, including studies on intrusion detection and key management, computer storage policy, and transactional management. The book first describes multiple variables and index structure derivation for high dimensional data distribution and applies numeric methods to proposed search methods. It also focuses on discovering relations, logic, and knowledge for policy management. To manage performance, the text discusses contention management for transactional structures, buffer tuning, and test environments. It then illustrates search optimization using truncated functions with paralleled techniques. The final chapters present structures, recovery, message conflicts, and test coverage of quantum policies and explain methods of quantum protection for intrusion prevention. An overview of security and policy applications for systems and computing, this book explores the latest R&D, emerging technology, and state-of-the-art technical studies of security and policy issues. It also looks to future research and technologies that will propel the innovation of next-generation systems.

Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field.

Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field.

This two volume set LNCS 8630 and 8631 constitutes the proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Algorithms and Architectures for Parallel Processing, ICA3PP 2014, held in Dalian, China, in August 2014. The 70 revised papers presented in the two volumes were selected from 285 submissions. The first volume comprises selected papers of the main conference and papers of the 1st International Workshop on Emerging Topics in Wireless and Mobile Computing, ETWMC 2014, the 5th International Workshop on Intelligent Communication Networks, IntelNet 2014, and the 5th International Workshop on Wireless Networks and Multimedia, WNM 2014. The second volume comprises selected papers of the main conference and papers of the Workshop on Computing, Communication and Control Technologies in Intelligent Transportation System, 3C in ITS 2014, and the Workshop on Security and Privacy in Computer and Network Systems, SPCNS 2014.

This two volume set LNCS 8630 and 8631 constitutes the proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Algorithms and Architectures for Parallel Processing, ICA3PP 2014, held in Dalian, China, in August 2014. The 70 revised papers presented in the two volumes were selected from 285 submissions. The first volume comprises selected papers of the main conference and papers of the 1st International Workshop on Emerging Topics in Wireless and Mobile Computing, ETWMC 2014, the 5th International Workshop on Intelligent Communication Networks, IntelNet 2014, and the 5th International Workshop on Wireless Networks and Multimedia, WNM 2014. The second volume comprises selected papers of the main conference and papers of the Workshop on Computing, Communication and Control Technologies in Intelligent Transportation System, 3C in ITS 2014, and the Workshop on Security and Privacy in Computer and Network Systems, SPCNS 2014.

This book explores the experiences and emotional expression of 30 people Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) using qualitative research methods such as "illness narratives," and analyzes the dilemmas of "sicknesses of the society" including "Acquired Needs Deficiency" Syndrome, "Acquired Expectation Insufficiency" Syndrome, and "Acquired Punishment" Syndrome at the micro, meso and macro levels, so as to investigate higher-intensity negative emotions.In turn, the book draws on the perspectives of conflict and game, structure and function, and system and interaction, in order to propose a dynamic mechanism of emotion and expression, and argues that these negative emotions can be transformed, strengthened and presented through defense mechanisms such as suppression and attribution, which will influence social institutions at the micro, meso and macro levels and even possibly bring about positive changes in the social structure.

This book constitutes the papers presented at the Evaluation Track of the 8th China Conference on Health Information Processing, CHIP 2022, held in Hangzhou, China during  October 21–23, 2022. The 20 full papers included in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 20 submissions. They were organized in topical sections as follows: text mining for gene-disease association semantic; medical causal entity and relation extraction; medical decision tree extraction from unstructured text; OCR of electronic medical document; clinical diagnostic coding.

The Bar Model Method is a key problem solving strategy consistently taught to primary school
students in Singapore, a nation acknowledged as a global top performer in mathematics based
on its performance in benchmarking studies such as the Trends in International Mathematics
and Science Study (TIMSS).
The Bar Model Method is acknowledged as an effective problem solving heuristic that enables students to understand, visualize and represent conceptually complex problems and their solutions simply and elegantly, and in doing so, further reinforces and builds their conceptual and procedural knowledge, making them more effective problem solvers. The visual representation of the problem and the solution constructed by the student enables the teacher to understand the student's thought process and allows them to correct misconceptions immediately and appropriately.
This professional learning workbook introduces teachers to the fundamentals of using the
Bar Model Method, providing the basis and process of understanding different types of word
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This book explores the roles of agricultural development and advancing social complexity in the processes of state formation in China. Over a period of about 10,000 years, it follows evolutionary trajectories of society from the last Palaeolithic hunting-gathering groups, through Neolithic farming villages and on to the Bronze Age Shang dynasty in the latter half of the second millennium BC. Li Liu and Xingcan Chen demonstrate that sociopolitical evolution was multicentric and shaped by inter-polity factionalism and competition, as well as by the many material technologies introduced from other parts of the world. The book illustrates how ancient Chinese societies were transformed during this period from simple to complex, tribal to urban, and preliterate to literate.

This book studies the formation of complex societies in prehistoric China during the Neolithic and early state periods, c. 7000-1500 BC. Archaeological materials are interpreted through anthropological perspectives, using systematic analytic methods in settlement and burial patterns. Both agency and process are considered in the development of chiefdoms and in the emergence of early states in the Yellow River region. Interrelationships between factors such as mortuary practice, craft specialization, ritual activities, warfare, exchange of elite goods, climatic fluctuations, and environmental changes are emphasized. This study offers a critical evaluation of current archaeological data from Chinese sources, and argues that, although some general tendencies are noted, social changes were affected by multiple factors in no pre-determined sequence. In this most comprehensive study to date, Li Liu attempts to reconstruct developmental trajectories toward early states in Chinese civilization and discusses theoretical implications of Chinese archaeology for the understanding of social evolution.

This book explores the roles of agricultural development and advancing social complexity in the processes of state formation in China. Over a period of about 10,000 years, it follows evolutionary trajectories of society from the last Paleolithic hunting-gathering groups, through Neolithic farming villages, and on to the Bronze Age Shang dynasty in the latter half of the second millennium BC. Li Liu and Xingcan Chen demonstrate that sociopolitical evolution was multicentric and shaped by inter-polity factionalism and competition, as well as by the many material technologies introduced from other parts of the world. The book illustrates how ancient Chinese societies were transformed during this period from simple to complex, tribal to urban, and preliterate to literate.