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Many-valued logics were developed as an attempt to handle
philosophical doubts about the "law of excluded middle" in
classical logic. The first many-valued formal systems were
developed by J. Lukasiewicz in Poland and E.Post in the U.S.A. in
the 1920s, and since then the field has expanded dramatically as
the applicability of the systems to other philosophical and
semantic problems was recognized. Intuitionisticlogic, for example,
arose from deep problems in the foundations of mathematics. Fuzzy
logics, approximation logics, and probability logics all address
questions that classical logic alone cannot answer. All these
interpretations of many-valued calculi motivate specific formal
systems thatallow detailed mathematical treatment. In this volume,
the authors are concerned with finite-valued logics, and especially
with three-valued logical calculi. Matrix constructions,
axiomatizations of propositional and predicate calculi, syntax,
semantic structures, and methodology are discussed. Separate
chapters deal with intuitionistic logic, fuzzy logics,
approximation logics, and probability logics. These systems all
find application in practice, in automatic inference processes,
which have been decisive for the intensive development of these
logics. This volume acquaints the reader with theoretical
fundamentals of many-valued logics. It is intended to be the first
of a two-volume work. The second volume will deal with practical
applications and methods of automated reasoning using many-valued
logics.
Many-valued logics is becoming increasingly important in many branches of science. This is the second volume of a comprehensive two-volume handbook on many-valued logics by two leading members of the famous Polish school of logic. While the first volume of 1992 was mainly concerned with theoretical foundations, this volume emphasizes automated reasoning, practical applications, and latest developments in closely related fields, such as fuzzy logics and rough set theory. It offers an extensive overview of Gentzen deduction systems and multi-sequential systems in many-valued logics and shows the application of the resolution principle to this logics. It discusses applications in such areas as software specification and electronic circuit verification and presents fuzzy logics and rough set theory in detail.
Originally published in 1995 Time and Logic examines understanding
and application of temporal logic, presented in computational
terms. The emphasis in the book is on presenting a broad range of
approaches to computational applications. The techniques used will
also be applicable in many cases to formalisms beyond temporal
logic alone, and it is hoped that adaptation to many different
logics of program will be facilitated. Throughout, the authors have
kept implementation-orientated solutions in mind. The book begins
with an introduction to the basic ideas of temporal logic.
Successive chapters examine particular aspects of the temporal
theoretical computing domain, relating their applications to
familiar areas of research, such as stochastic process theory,
automata theory, established proof systems, model checking,
relational logic and classical predicate logic. This is an
essential addition to the library of all theoretical computer
scientists. It is an authoritative work which will meet the needs
both of those familiar with the field and newcomers to it.
Originally published in 1995 Time and Logic examines understanding
and application of temporal logic, presented in computational
terms. The emphasis in the book is on presenting a broad range of
approaches to computational applications. The techniques used will
also be applicable in many cases to formalisms beyond temporal
logic alone, and it is hoped that adaptation to many different
logics of program will be facilitated. Throughout, the authors have
kept implementation-orientated solutions in mind. The book begins
with an introduction to the basic ideas of temporal logic.
Successive chapters examine particular aspects of the temporal
theoretical computing domain, relating their applications to
familiar areas of research, such as stochastic process theory,
automata theory, established proof systems, model checking,
relational logic and classical predicate logic. This is an
essential addition to the library of all theoretical computer
scientists. It is an authoritative work which will meet the needs
both of those familiar with the field and newcomers to it.
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Computer Vision and Graphics - International Conference, ICCVG 2012, Warsaw, Poland, September 24-26, 2012, Proceedings (Paperback, 2012 ed.)
Leonard Bolc, Konrad Wojciechowski, Ryszard Tadeusiewicz, Leszek J. Chmielewski
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R1,608
Discovery Miles 16 080
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Ships in 10 - 15 working days
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This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the International
Conference on Computer Vision and Graphics, ICCVG 2012, held in
Warsaw, Poland, in September 2012. The 89 revised full papers
presented were carefully reviewed and selected from various
submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on
computer graphics, computer vision and visual surveillance.
Augmented Transition Network Grammars are at present the most
widely used method for analyzing natural languages. Despite the
increasing po pularity of this method, however, no extensive papers
on ATN-Grammars have been presented which would be accessible to a
larger number of per sons engaged in the problem from both the
theoretical and practical points of view. Augmented Transition
Networks (ATN) are derived from state automata. Like a finite state
automaton, an ATN consists of a collection of la beled states and
arcs, a distinguished start state and a set of distin guished final
states. States are connected with each other by arcs crea ting a
directed graph or net. The label on an arc indicates a terminal
symbol (word) or the type of words which must occur in an input
stream to allow the transition to the next state. It is said that a
sequence of words (or sentence) is accepted by such a net if there
exists a se quence of arcs (usually called a path), connecting the
start state with a final state, which can be followed to the
sentence. The finite state automaton is then enriched by several
facilities which increase its computational power. The most
important of them permits some arcs to be labeled by nonterminal
rather than terminal symbols. This means that the transition
through such an arc is actually the re cursive application of the
net beginning with a pointed state."
In recent years, machine learning has emerged as a significant area
of research in artificial intelligence and cognitive science. At
present, research in the field is being intensified from both the
point of view of theory and of implementation, and the results are
being introduced in practice. Machine learning has recently become
the subject of interest of many young and talented scientists whose
bold ideas have greatly contributed to the broadening of knowledge
in this rapidly developing field of science. This situation has
manifested itself in an increasing number of valuable contributions
to scientific journals. However, such papers are necessarily
compact descriptions of research problems. "Computational Models of
Learning" supplements these contributions and is a collection of
more extensive essays. These essays provide the reader with an
increased knowledge of carefully selected problems of machine
learning.
Up to now there has been no scientific publication on natural lan
guage research that presents a broad and complex description of the
current problems of parsing in the context of Artificial Intelli
gence. However, there are many interesting results from this domain
appearing mainly in numerous articles published in pro fessional
journals. In view of this situation, the objective of this book is
to enable scientists from different countries to present the
results of their research on natural language parsing in the form
of more detailed papers than would be possible in professional jour
nals. This book thus provides a collection of studies written by
well known scientists whose earlier publications have greatly
contributed to the development of research on natural language
parsing. Jaime G. Carbonell and Philip J. Hayes present in their
paper "Robust Parsing Using Multiple Construction-Specific
Strategies" two small experimental parsers, implemented to
illustrate the advantages of a multi-strategy approach to parsers,
with strategies selected according to the type of construction
being parsed at any given time. This presentation is followed by
the description of a parsing algorithm, integrating some of the
best features of the two smaller parsers, including case-frame
instantiation and partial pat tern-matching strategies."
Information systems are large repositories of factual and
inferential knowledge intended to be queried and maintained by a
wide variety of users with different backgrounds and work tasks.
The community of potential information system users is growing
rapidly with advances in hardware and software technology that
permit computer/communications support for more and more
application areas. Unfortunately, it is often felt that progress in
user interface technology has not quite matched that of other
areas. Technical solutions such as computer graphics, natural
language processing, or man-machine-man communications in office
systems are not enough by themselves. They should be complemented
by system features that ensure cooperative behavior of the
interfaces, thus reducing the training and usage effort required
for successful interaction. In analogy to a human dialog partner,
we call an interface cooperative if it does not just accept user
requests passively or answer them literally, but actively attempts
to understand the users' intentions and to help them solve their
applica tion problems. This leads to the central question addressed
by this book: What makes an information systems interface
cooperative, and how do we provide capabilities leading to
cooperative interfaces? Many answers are possible. A first aspect
concerns the formulation and accep tance of user requests. Many
researchers assume that such requests should be formulated in
natural language."
While expert systems technology originated in the United States,
its development has become an international concern. Since the
start of the DENDRAL project at Stanford University over 15 years
ago, with its objective of problem-solving via the automation of
actual human expert knowledge, significant expert systems projects
have been completed in countries rang ing from Japan to France,
Spain to China. This book presents a sample of five such projects,
along with four substantial reports of mature studies from North
American researchers. Two important issues of expert system design
permeate the papers in this volume. The first concerns the
incorporation of substantial numeric knowledge into a system. This
has become a significant focus of work as researchers have sought
to apply expert systems tech nology to complex, real-world domains
already subject to statistical or algebraic description (and
handled well at some level in numeric terms). A second prominent
issue is that of representing control knowledge in a manner which
is both explicit, and thus available for inspection, and compatible
with the semantics of the problem domain."
This book contains the reports of selected projects involving
natural language commu nication with pictorial information systems.
More than just a record of research results, however, it presents
concrete applications to the solution of a wide variety of
problems. The authors are all prominent figures in the field whose
authoritative contributions help ensure its continued expansion in
both size and significance. Y. C. Lee and K S. Fu (Purdue
University, USA) survey picture query languages which form an
interface between the pictorial database system and the user and
support infor mation retrieval, data entry and manipulation, data
analysis and output generation. They include explicit picture query
languages that augment alphanumeric data query langua ges as well
as languages and command sets which are implicitly embedded in a
pictorial information system but perform similar functions. It is
worth mentioning that some forms of query languages can be
transformed from a given set of natural language senten ces by
using ATN (Augmented Transition Networks), which consequently
allows for na turallanguage communication with information system."
Natural language generation is a field within artificial
intelligence which looks ahead to the future when machines will
communicate complex thoughts to their human users in a natural way.
Generation systems supply the sophisticated knowledge about natural
languages that must come into play when one needs to use wordings
that will overpower techniques based only on symbolic string
manipulation techniques. Topics covered in this volume include
discourse theory, mechanical translation, deliberate writing, and
revision. "Natural Language Generation Systems" contains
contributions by leading researchers in the field. Chapters contain
details of grammatical treatments and processing seldom reported on
outside of full length monographs.
Many-valued logics were developed as an attempt to handle
philosophical doubts about the "law of excluded middle" in
classical logic. The first many-valued formal systems were
developed by J. Lukasiewicz in Poland and E.Post in the U.S.A. in
the 1920s, and since then the field has expanded dramatically as
the applicability of the systems to other philosophical and
semantic problems was recognized. Intuitionisticlogic, for example,
arose from deep problems in the foundations of mathematics. Fuzzy
logics, approximation logics, and probability logics all address
questions that classical logic alone cannot answer. All these
interpretations of many-valued calculi motivate specific formal
systems thatallow detailed mathematical treatment. In this volume,
the authors are concerned with finite-valued logics, and especially
with three-valued logical calculi. Matrix constructions,
axiomatizations of propositional and predicate calculi, syntax,
semantic structures, and methodology are discussed. Separate
chapters deal with intuitionistic logic, fuzzy logics,
approximation logics, and probability logics. These systems all
find application in practice, in automatic inference processes,
which have been decisive for the intensive development of these
logics. This volume acquaints the reader with theoretical
fundamentals of many-valued logics. It is intended to be the first
of a two-volume work. The second volume will deal with practical
applications and methods of automated reasoning using many-valued
logics.
Many-valued logics are becoming increasingly important in all areas
of computer science. This is the second volume of an authoritative
two-volume handbook on many valued logics by two leading figures in
the field. While the first volume was mainly concerned with
theoretical foundations, this volume emphasizes automated
reasoning, practical applications, and the latest developments in
fuzzy logic and rough set theory. Among the applications presented
are those in software specification and electronic circuit
verification.
This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-conference
proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Vision and
Graphics, ICCVG 2008, held in Warsaw, Poland, in November 2008.
The 48 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and
selected from numerous submissions. The papers are organized in
topical sections on image processing, image quality assessment,
geometrical models of objects and scenes, motion analysis, visual
navigation and active vision, image and video coding, virtual
reality and multimedia applications, biomedical applications,
practical applications of pattern recognition, computer animation,
visualization and graphical data presentation.
The 2nd Workshop on Intelligent Media Technology for Communicative
Intelligence commemorating the 10th anniversary of the
Polish-Japanese Institute of Information Technology in Warsaw aimed
to explore the current research topics in the ?eld of int- ligent
media technologies for communicative intelligence. Communicative
intelligence represents a new challenge towards building a sup-
intelligence on the ubiquitous global network by accumulating a
huge amount of - man andknowledgeresources.The term
"communicativeintelligence"re?ects the view that communication is
at the very core of intelligence and its creation. Communication
permits novel ideas to emerge from intimate interactions by
multiple agents, ranging from collaboration to competition. The
recent advance of information and commu- cation technologies has
established an information infrastructure that allows humans and
artifacts to communicate with each other beyond space and time. It
enables us to advance a step further to realize a communicative
intelligence with many fruitful applications.
Intelligentmediatechnologiesattempttocaptureandaugmentpeople'scommuni-
tive activities by embedding computers into the environment to
enhance interactions in an unobtrusive manner. The introduction of
embodied conversational agents that might mediate conversations
among people in a social context is the next step in the p- cess.
The scope of intelligent media technologies includes design and
development of intelligent supports for content production,
distribution, and utilization, since rich c- tent is crucial for
communication in many applications. The promising applications of
intelligence media technologies include e-learning, knowledge
management systems, e-democracy, and other
communication-intensivesubject domains.
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