The figure of Orpheus has long exercised a potent influence on religious thought. Yet what we know directly about Orphism comes from a scatter of isolated and often very short fragments quoted in the works of Platonists of the Roman period, notably Proclus, Damascius and Olympiodorus. The author's concern here is to establish the context in which these passages were cited, and to trace the development of the written tradition, from the texts which contain a critique of the beliefs of the Homeric era to those, whether newly composed or transformed, which show signs of adaptation to later religious and philosophical movements, among them Stoicism and Platonism. In sharp contrast to views held by others, it is argued that it is possible to map out a process of evolution, amongst other criteria by focusing on the role and place of Chronos in the Orphic theogony. The author also asks whether there really ever existed true Orphic sects with a cult with specific rites, and would conclude that the present evidence cannot be held to substantiate this. Orphee a pendant longtemps exerce une puissante influence sur la pensee religieuse. Cependant, ce que nous connaissons directement de l'OrphA-sme se reduit A une poignee de fragments isoles et souvent tres courts qui se trouvent eparpilles dans les oeuvres de Platoniciens ayant vecu sous l'Empire romain, surtout Proclus, Damascius et Olympiodore. Dans les articles qui composent ce recueil, l'auteur s'est attache A reconstituer les contextes dans lesquels ces passages sont cites, et A comprendre comment s'est developpee la tradition ecrite A laquelle ils appartiennent, depuis les textes qui critiquent les croyances vehiculees par Homere et par Hesiode et qui, ayant fait l'objet d'une redaction ou d'une transformation recente, presentent les signes d'une adaptation A des mouvements religieux ou philosophiques tardifs, le StoA-cisme et le medio-Platonisme entre autres. S'opposant en cela A b

In this concise but wide-ranging study, Luc Brisson describes how the myths of Greece and Rome were transmitted from antiquity to the Renaissance. He argues that philosophy was responsible for saving myth from historical annihilation. Although philosophy was initially critical of myth, mythology was progressively reincorporated into philosophy through allegory. Brisson reveals how philosophers employed allegory and how it enabled myth to take on a number of different interpretive systems throughout the centuries: moral, physical, psychological, political, and even metaphysical.
"This wonderful book confirms Brisson's status as one of the major authorities in the field of classical antiquity. Overall, and with this excellent translation, the book is invaluable."--"Choice"
"A compressed overview with moments of great insight. . . . Its strengths lie in the details Brisson is able to work into this brief treatment."--Peter Struck, "Journal of Religion"

We think of a myth as a fictional story, and Plato was the first to use the term "muthos" in that sense. But Plato also used "muthos" to describe the practice of making and telling myths, the oral transmission of all that a community keeps in its collective memory. In the first part of this text, Luc Brisson reconstructs Plato's multifaceted and not uncritical description of "muthos" in light of the latter's famous Atlantis story. The second part of the book contrasts this sense of myth, as Plato does, with another form of speech which he believed was far superior: the "logos" of philosophy. Brisson's work is part lexical, part philosophical, and part ethnological, and Gerard Naddaf's substantial introduction shows the originality and importance both of Brisson's method and of Plato's analysis in the context of contemporary debates over the origin and evolution of the oral tradition.

Ancient Greek thought is the essential wellspring from which the intellectual, ethical, and political civilization of the West draws and to which, even today, we repeatedly return. In more than sixty essays by an international team of scholars, this volume explores the full breadth and reach of Greek thought--investigating what the Greeks knew as well as what they thought about what they knew, and what they believed, invented, and understood about the conditions and possibilities of knowing. Calling attention to the characteristic reflexivity of Greek thought, the analysis in this book reminds us of what our own reflections owe to theirs.

In sections devoted to philosophy, politics, the pursuit of knowledge, major thinkers, and schools of thought, this work shows us the Greeks looking at themselves, establishing the terms for understanding life, language, production, and action. The authors evoke not history, but the stories the Greeks told themselves about history; not their poetry, but their poetics; not their speeches, but their rhetoric. Essays that survey political, scientific, and philosophical ideas, such as those on Utopia and the Critique of Politics, Observation and Research, and Ethics; others on specific fields from Astronomy and History to Mathematics and Medicine; new perspectives on major figures, from Anaxagoras to Zeno of Elea; studies of core traditions from the Milesians to the various versions of Platonism: together these offer a sense of the unquenchable thirst for knowledge that marked Greek civilization--and that Aristotle considered a natural and universal trait of humankind. With thirty-two pages of color illustrations, this work conveys the splendor and vitality of the Greek intellectual adventure.

In his "Symposium," Plato crafted a set of speeches in praise of love that has influenced writers and artists from antiquity to the present. Early Christian writers read the dialogue's 'ascent passage' as a vision of the soul's journey to heaven. Ficino's commentary on the "Symposium" inspired poets and artists throughout Renaissance Europe and introduced 'a Platonic love' into common speech. Themes or images from the dialogue have appeared in paintings or sketches by Rubens, David, Feuerbach, and La Farge, as well as in musical compositions by Satie and Bernstein. The dialogue's view of love as 'desire for eternal possession of the good' is still of enormous philosophical interest in its own right. Nevertheless, questions remain concerning the meaning of specific features, the significance of the dialogue as a whole, and the character of its influence. This volume brings together an international team of scholars to address such questions.

This fascinating book collects and translates most of the extant written Graeco-Roman material on human beings, divinities, animals, and other creatures who were said to have been both female and male. Luc Brisson provides a commentary that situates this rich source material within its historical and intellectual contexts. These selections--from mythological, philosophical, historical, and anecdotal sources--describe cases of either simultaneous dual sexuality, as in androgyny and in hermaphroditism, or successive dual sexuality, as in the case of Tiresias (the blind Theban prophet), which are found through the whole span of Graeco-Roman antiquity. "Sexual Ambivalence "is an invaluable sourcebook that gathers this suggestive, yet hard to find, material in one convenient place.
This book presents some very obscure but wonderfully strange material. There is the ghost story about a father who returns from the dead to devour his dual-sexed son in the public square, leaving behind only the head, which proceeds to deliver a prophecy from its position on the ground. In addition to including such familiar sources as the myths of Salmacis and Hermaphroditus as told in Ovid's "Metamorphoses "and Aristophanes' myth of the origins of the sexes and sexuality in Plato's "Symposium, "Brisson also discusses cosmogonic mythology in Hesiodic poetry, the Orphic "Rhapsodies, "Gnosticism, the "Hermetic Corpus, "and the so-called "Chaldean Oracles. "He presents the manifold variants of the myth of Tiresias, as well as many other sources.
Brisson quotes this material at length and discusses its significance in Graeco-Roman myth and philosophy. These ancient stories open a window onto a world without the sexual oppositions of male and female, a paradise of unity and self-containment, as well as onto the peculiar world of go-betweens like the prophet Tiresias. They deepen our awareness of the extent to which the polarity of sexuality colors our entire perception of the world, as it did in antiquity, and as it does for us now. This provocative material is profoundly relevant to our thinking today.

A distinguished Platonic scholar discusses the impact of the Greek discovery of the ""cosmos"" on man's perception of his place in the universe, describes the problems this posed, and interprets Plato's response to this discovery. Starting with the Presocratics, Vlastos describes the intellectual revolution that began with the cosmogonies of Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes in the sixth century B.C. and culminated a century later in the atomist system of Leucippus and Democritus. What united these men was that for all of them nature remained the inviolate, all-inclusive principle of explanation, precluding any appeal to a supernatural cause or ordering agency. In a detailed analysis of the astronomical and physical theories of the Timaeus, Vlastos demonstrates Plato's role in the reception and transmission of the discovery of the new conception of the universe. Plato gives us the chance to see that movement from a unique perspective: that of a fierce opponent of the revolution who was determined to wrest from its brilliant discovery, annex its cosmos, and redesign it on the pattern of his own idealistic and theistic metaphysics. This book is a reprint of the edition published in 1975 by the University of Washington Press. It includes a new Introduction by Luc Brisson.

En Grece ancienne et a Rome jusqu'a la fin de la Republique, les etres humains et les animaux qui passaient pour etre pourvus des deux sexes etaient impitoyablement elimines, comme des monstres, comme des signes funestes envoyes aux hommes par les dieux pour annoncer la destruction de l'espece humaine. Expulsee de la realite ou maintenue en marge, la bisexualite, entendue comme possession des deux organes sexuels, joua pourtant un role important dans le mythe, qu'il s'agisse de bisexualite simultanee, ou de bisexualite successive.La bisexualite simultanee caracterise des etres qui sont des archetypes, des etre primordiaux. Dans la mesure ou c'est d'eux que derivent les dieux, les hommes et les animaux qui, pourvus d'un seul sexe, masculin ou feminin, constituent notre monde, ces archetypes doivent etre pourvus simultanement des deux sexes, car ils se trouvent en-deca de cette sexion . En l'etre humain, le souvenir de cet etat primordial suscite une nostalgie qui s'exprime avec une profonde emotion dans le mythe qu'Aristophane raconte dans le Banquet de Platon. Chaque couple, heterosexuel ou homosexuel, aux moments les plus intenses de ses unions intermittentes, desire realiser une impossible fusion permanente qui le ramenerait a cet etat anterieur ou l'etre humain etait double.La bisexualite successive revet une signification tres differente. Sont affectes successivement des deux sexes, des mediateurs et essentiellement des devins, tel Tiresias. Le fait qu'il ait ete d'abord un homme, puis une femme avant de redevenir un homme lui permet d'etablir un rapport entre le monde des hommes et celui des femmes. Tout se passe donc comme si un etre qui transcende les oppositions (hommes / dieux; ne /mort) autour desquelles s'articule la realite devait symboliser cette transcendance dans l'opposition la plus importante pour l'etre humain: l'opposition entre l'homme et la femme.Luc Brisson est directeur de recherches au CNRS. Il a publie de nombreux travaux consacres a la philosophie et la religion grecques. Aux Belles Lettres, on lui doit notamment, avec F. Walter Meyerstein, Puissance et limite de la raison. Le Probleme des valeurs (1995) et, avec Alain Segonds, la Vie de Pythagore de Jamblique (nouvelle edition, 2008).

The word myth is commonly thought to mean a fictional story, but few know that Plato was the first to use the term "muthos" in that sense. He also used "muthos" to describe the practice of making and telling stories, the oral transmission of all that a community keeps in its collective memory. In the first part of "Plato the Myth Maker," Luc Brisson reconstructs Plato's multifaceted description of "muthos" in light of the latter's Atlantis story. The second part of the book contrasts this sense of myth with another form of speech that Plato believed was far superior: the "logos" of philosophy.
Gerard Naddaf's substantial introduction shows the originality and importance both of Brisson's method and of Plato's analysis and places it in the context of contemporary debates over the origin and evolution of the oral tradition.
" Brisson] contrasts "muthos" with the "logos" found at the heart of the philosophical reading. He] does an excellent job of analyzing Plato's use of the two speech forms, and the translator's introduction does considerable service in setting the tone."--"Library Journal"