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Viscoelasticandtransportpropertiesofpolymersintheliquid(solution,melt)or
liquid-like (rubber) state determine their processing and
application to a large extent and are of basic physical interest
[1-3]. An understanding of these dynamic properties at a molecular
level, therefore, is of great importance.
However,thisunderstandingiscomplicatedbythefactsthatdi?erentmotional
processes may occur on di?erent length scales and that the dynamics
are governed by universal chain properties as well as by the
special chemical structure of the monomer units [4,5]. The earliest
and simplest approach in this direction starts from Langevin
equations with solutions comprising a spectrum of relaxation modes
[1-4]. Special features are the incorporation of entropic forces
(Rouse model, [6]) which relax uctuations of reduced entropy, and
of hydrodynamic interactions (Zimm model, [7]) which couple
segmental motions via long-range back ow elds in polymer solutions,
and the inclusion of topological constraints or entanglements
(reptation or tube model, [8-10]) which are mutually imposed within
a dense ensemble of chains. Another approach, neglecting the
details of the chemical structure and
concentratingontheuniversalelementsofchainrelaxation,isbasedondynamic
scalingconsiderations[4,11].Inparticularinpolymersolutions,thisapproach
o?ers an elegant tool to specify the general trends of polymer
dynamics, although it su?ers from the lack of a molecular
interpretation. A real test of these theoretical approaches
requires microscopic methods, which simultaneously give direct
access to the space and time evolution of the segmental di?usion.
Here, quasi-elastic scattering methods play a crucial role
sincetheyallowthemeasurementofthecorrespondingcorrelationfunctions.In
particular,thehigh-resolutionneutronspinecho(NSE)spectroscopy[12-15]is
very suitable for such investigations since this method covers an
appropriate range in time (0.005)t/ns)40) and space (r/nm [15).
Furthermore, the
possibilityoflabellingbyhydrogen-deuteriumexchangeallowstheobservation
of single-chain behavior even in the melt.
L.D., the Littlest Dragster, is a life lesson for small children
written by two educators with former police experience. The story
is a combination of traditional stranger danger lessons, as well as
a lesson in the importance of obeying parents. Many times threats
do not come from total strangers or from unfamiliar surroundings.
Danger can lurk anywhere, including places where children and their
families frequent. Little L.D. disobeys his parents in pursuit of
his own hedonistic happiness. But his rebellion becomes seriously
scary, and potentially life threatening, when he is confronted by
the dangers of a world outside of his parents direct supervision.
In the end, L.D.'s father comes to his rescue, but not before L.D.
learns a valuable life lesson. The book uses race cars as the main
characters in storybook fashion to maintain young children's
interest while imparting a valuable safety lesson.
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