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There is widespread public concern about hazardous chemicals that
are contained in air, soil, water and food. Policy has therefore
adopted a series of laws and regulations concerning emissions into
and concentration levels in different media including food. As
policy makers do not only have to consider the protection of the
environment but also need to ensure a well-functioning economy at
the same time, these limit or target values need to be set in a
balanced way. The main problem, however, is to compare the costs
for achieving these targets with the benefits to society by having
a smaller exposure to hazardous substances (cost-benefit analysis).
This book sets out to improve the reliability of cost-benefit
analyses particularly of hazardous substances present in air,
water, soil and food. It suggests that the human health risk
assessment of chemicals is performed in a bottom-up analysis, i.e.,
following a spatially resolved multimedia modelling approach. In
order to support cost-benefit analyses, the approach is accompanied
by monetary valuation of human health impacts, yielding so-called
external costs. Results for selected priority metals show that
these external costs are small compared to those by the classical
air pollutants and involve rather long time horizons touching on
the aspect of intergenerational equity within sustainable
development. When including further hazardous substances, the total
external costs attributable to contaminants are expected to be more
substantial.
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