Mathematical Modelling in Medicine is divided into four distinct parts which cover mathematical models of heart, arterial tree, baroreceptor control and applications for simulators. The mathematical models covering these four topics are contained in a number of articles in each part. In addition, historical reviews on the heart, arterial tree and baroreceptors are also included in the articles offering a broader view and understanding of the current physiological models. The models presented are all based on fundamental physiological principles. This common guideline may result in more solid models from which we can obtain new physiological insights. Mathematical Modelling in Medicine demonstrates that the increase in popularity and success of mathematical models, is not solely a consequence of the development and spread of fast computers, making easier access to simulations of complex systems. An important element for this success is the precise continuous samplings of new clinical data have generated experiments, from which one can gain new insights into the dynamics of physiological systems and not only into their steady state behaviour patterns. Another important element is the attempts to focus on precise definitions of physiological concepts in order to avoid confusion, misunderstandings and waste of efforts. Furthermore, it is shown, that mathematics may also provide a tool to structure thoughts, an area which have gained an increasing attention lately. This book will be of interest to graduate students as well as researchers in the interdisciplinary fields of bioengeneering, biophysics and mathematical physiology.

Considering the extensive applications that have been discovered for naphthoquinone-triazole hybrids in the search for new bioactive molecules, Heterocycles: Synthesis, Reactions and Applications first comprehensively addresses recent synthetic strategies for their preparation. The authors highlight recent developments in reaction strategies for the synthesis of dihydro-, tetrahydro-, pyrano-pyrans and tetrahydrofurans and their applications in natural product synthesis. The important structural features of heterocyclic compounds are reviewed, as well as their deviation from the planar configuration in the form of puckering or buckling, and methods of suppression. The closing study explores the reaction of azides with Grignard or organolithium reagents in an inter- or intramolecular fashion to form linear or cyclic triazene intermediates, respectively.