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The present edited book is an attempt to update the state of art of
the knowledge on metabolism of ROS and antioxidants and their
relationship in plant adaptation to abiotic stresses involving
physiological, biochemical and molecular processes. The chapters
are much focused on the current climate issues and how ROS
metabolism can manipulate with antioxidant system to accelerate
detoxification mechanism. It will enhance the mechanistic
understanding on ROS and antioxidants system and will pave the path
for agricultural scientists in developing tolerant crops to achieve
sustainability under the changing environmental conditions. The
increase in abiotic stress factors has become a major threat to
sustainability of crop production. This situation has led to think
ways which can help to come out with potential measures; for which
it is necessary to understand the influence of abiotic stress
factors on crops performance and the mechanisms by which these
factors impact plants. It has now become evident that abiotic
stress impacts negatively on plant growth and development at every
stage of plant's life. Plants adapt to the changing environment
with the adjustment at physiological, biochemical and molecular
levels. The possible mechanisms involved in the negative effects of
abiotic stress factors are excess production of reactive oxygen
species (ROS). They alter physiological and molecular mechanisms
leading to poor performance of plants. Plants however, are able to
cope with these adverse effects by inducing antioxidant systems as
the priority. Nevertheless, the dual role of ROS has now been
ascertained which provides an evidence for regulation of plant
metabolism positively on a concentration-dependent manner. Under
conditions of high ROS production, the antioxidant system plays a
major role in diminishing the effects of ROS. Thus, ROS production
and antioxidant system are interwoven with abiotic stress
conditions. The antioxidants have the capacity to hold the
stability in metabolism in order to avoid disruption due to
environmental disturbances.
Nanopores are nanometer scale holes formed naturally by proteins
or cells, and can be used for a variety of applications, including
sequencing DNA and detecting anthrax. They can be integrated into
artificially constructed encapsulated cells of silicon wafers while
allowing small molecules like oxygen, glucose and insulin to pass,
while keeping out large system molecules. "Nanopores: Sensing and
Fundamental Biological Interactions" examines the emerging research
directions surrounding nanopores such as genome sequencing and
early disease detection using biomarker identification. Covering
the applications of nanopores in genetics, proteomics, drug
discovery, early disease detection and detection of emerging
environmental threats, it is a must-have book for
biomedicalengineersand research scientists."
Plants often encounter abiotic stresses including drought,
salinity, flooding, high/low temperatures, and metal toxicity,
among others. The majority of these stresses occur simultaneously
and thus limit crop production. Therefore, the need of the hour is
to improve the abiotic stresses tolerance of crop plants by
integrating physiology, omics, and modern breeding approaches. This
book covers various aspects including (1) abiotic stress responses
in plants and progress made so far in the allied areas for trait
improvements, (2) integrates knowledge gained from basic physiology
to advanced omics tools to assist new breeding technologies, and
(3) discusses key genes, proteins, and metabolites or pathways for
developing new crop varieties with improved tolerance traits.
Plants often encounter abiotic stresses including drought,
salinity, flooding, high/low temperatures, and metal toxicity,
among others. The majority of these stresses occur simultaneously
and thus limit crop production. Therefore, the need of the hour is
to improve the abiotic stresses tolerance of crop plants by
integrating physiology, omics, and modern breeding approaches. This
book covers various aspects including (1) abiotic stress responses
in plants and progress made so far in the allied areas for trait
improvements, (2) integrates knowledge gained from basic physiology
to advanced omics tools to assist new breeding technologies, and
(3) discusses key genes, proteins, and metabolites or pathways for
developing new crop varieties with improved tolerance traits.
This book provides state-of-the art analysis of banking and
financial systems in the Arab world. The early chapters of the text
present an overview of Arab economies linking banking and financial
sector trends in the Arab world over the last twenty years. The
rest of the text examines in detail the financial systems of the
major Arab countries, focusing on banking sector and capital market
developments. This text will be the first to provide a rigorous
analytical evaluation of banking sector developments in the Arab
world.
Development of superior crops that have consistent performance in
quality and in quantity has not received the same emphasis in the
field of genetics and breeding as merited. Specialty trait requires
special focus to propagate. Yet basic germplasm and breeding
methodologies optimized to improve crops are often applied in the
development of improved specialty types. However, because of the
standards required for specialty traits, methods of development and
improvement are usually more complex than those for common
commodity crops. The same standards of performance are desired, but
the genetics of the specialty traits often impose breeding criteria
distinct from those of non-specialty possessing crops.
Specifically, quality improvement programs have unique
characteristics that require careful handling and monitoring during
their development for specific needs. Adding value either via
alternative products from the large volumes of grain produced or
development of specialty types is of interest to producers and
processors. This work assimilates the most topical results about
quality improvement with contemporary plant breeding approaches.The
objective of this book is to provide a summary of the germplasm,
methods of development, and specific problems involved for quality
breeding. In total, fourteen chapters, written by leading
scientists involved in crop improvement research, provide
comprehensive coverage of the major factors impacting specialty
crop improvement.
This text explains how Islamic banking works and what it offers as
an alternative model of financial intermediation. Important
questions addressed include: Why Islamic banking started and where
it is going; who the main players are at present and whom it will
attract in future; what its strengths and weaknesses are; whether
Islamic banks will survive in highly competitive and globalized
financial markets; what their prospects and potentials are; and how
the relative performance and efficiency of Islamic banks compares
to conventional banks?
The text is the first of its kind on financial engineering and risk
management in Islamic finance. It sets out detailed guidelines for
financial engineering from an Islamic perspective. The text also
presents some practical issues concerning futures contracts and how
these can be handled from an Islamic perspective. It brings out the
different points of view in this respect and reflects the current
state of knowledge as well as the challenges that lie ahead for
financial engineers. The text explores the prospects of some
Islamic contracts having similarity with commodity futures; forward
contracts, especially in agriculture; and Islamic permissible
contractual arrangements for resource mobilization by the public
sector. It also makes an analytical comparison between debt and
equity contracts with regard to incentive compatibility and
efficiency.
Over the last thirty years, Islamic banking has emerged as a viable
and efficient model of financial intermediation. In conventional
economic systems, the interest rate mechanism is at the heart of
that process, however the Islamic financial system cannot rely on
that mechanism. With this fact considered, this volume explores the
role of Islamic finance in promoting growth and development. It
highlights the benefits that Islamic banking can bring to society
as an alternative model of financial intermediation and presents
interesting case studies that examine certain features of Islamic
finance and their relationship with growth, economic and financial
stability, allocative efficiency and social justice.
Abiotic stresses such as drought, flooding, high or low
temperatures, metal toxicity and salinity can hamper plant growth
and development. Improving Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants
explains the physiological and molecular mechanisms plants
naturally exhibit to withstand abiotic stresses and outlines the
potential approaches to enhance plant abiotic stress tolerance to
extreme conditions. Synthesising developments in plant stress
biology, the book offers strategies that can be used in breeding,
genomic, molecular, physiological and biotechnological approaches
that hold the potential to develop resilient plants and improve
crop productivity worldwide. Features * Comprehensively explains
molecular and physiological mechanism of multiple abiotic stress
tolerance in plants * Discusses recent advancements in crop abiotic
stress tolerance mechanism and highlights strategies to develop
abiotic stress tolerant genotypes for sustainability * Stimulates
synthesis of information for plant stress biology for
biotechnological applications * Presents essential information for
large scale breeding and agricultural biotechnological programs for
crop improvement Written by a team of expert scientists, this book
benefits researchers in the field of plant stress biology and is
essential reading for graduate students and researchers generating
stress tolerant crops through genetic engineering and plant
breeding. It appeals to individuals developing sustainable
agriculture through physiological and biotechnological
applications.
Provides insights into the various aspects of microbial genomics
and biotechnology for environmental cleanup In recent years, the
application of genomics to biodegradation and bioremediation
research has led to a better understanding of the metabolic
capabilities of microorganisms, their interactions with hazardous
and toxic chemical compounds, and their adaptability to changing
environmental conditions. Genomics to Bioremediation: Principles,
Applications, and Perspectives provides comprehensive and
up-to-date information on cutting-edge technologies and approaches
in bioremediation and biodegradation of environmental pollutants.
Edited by prominent researchers in the field, this authoritative
reference examines advanced genomics technologies, next-generation
sequencing (NGS), and state-of-the-art bioinformatics tools while
offering valuable insights into the unique functional attributes of
different microbial communities and their impact on the removal of
chemical contaminants. Each chapter includes numerous high-quality
illustrations, detailed tables, extensive references, and
step-by-step descriptions of various microbial metabolic pathways
of degradation and biotransformation of environments containing
various inorganic, metallic, organometallic, and organic
hydrocarbon contaminants. Describes methodologies and underlying
theory for the remediation, detoxification, and degradation of
contaminated environments Covers new genomics technologies that
address nutrient removal, resource recovery, and other major trends
in environmental cleanup Highlights recent advances in microbial
biotechnological approaches including the latest description of the
relationship between microbes and the environment focusing on their
impact on ecosystem services. Offers perspectives on energy saving,
production, sustainability, and community involvement Discusses
current challenges and future directions in the field of
bioremediation Genomics to Bioremediation: Principles,
Applications, and Perspectives is an essential resource for
biochemical and environmental engineers, environmental
microbiologists, academic researchers, process and treatment plant
managers, policymakers, and industry professionals working in the
areas of microbial degradation, bioremediation, and
phytoremediation.
The goal of an activity-directed isolation process is to isolate
bioactive compounds which may provide structural leads of
therapeutic importance. Whereas the traditional process of drug
development is long and expensive, simple and rapid bioassays can
serve as the starting point for drug discovery. This book presents
a range of "bench top" bioassay techniques useful for natural
product and pharmaceutical chemists involved in drug discovery and
pharmacognosy. The contents detail a number of enzyme-based assays,
cell-based functional bioassays and receptor radioligand binding
assays along with detailed descriptions of each type. The majority
of these bioassays are presented in a step-by-step format, so they
could even be implemented by technical personnel with little
background in microbiology, biochemistry or pharmacology.
The spectacular advances of medicinal chemistry in the last few
decades have been triggered by a greater understanding of cellular
processes at the molecular level. The understanding of biochemical
processes and diseases at molecular level has revolutionized the
field. This volume summarizes recent developments in the area of
biological inhibitors such as squalene epoxidase inhibitors, dual
inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase and cycloxgenase, inhibition of
cholestrol biosynthesis, HIV proteinase inhibitors, nonpeptide
antagonists at peptide receptors, and binding interaction of
thyroid hormones.
The present edited book is an attempt to update the state of art of
the knowledge on metabolism of ROS and antioxidants and their
relationship in plant adaptation to abiotic stresses involving
physiological, biochemical and molecular processes. The chapters
are much focused on the current climate issues and how ROS
metabolism can manipulate with antioxidant system to accelerate
detoxification mechanism. It will enhance the mechanistic
understanding on ROS and antioxidants system and will pave the path
for agricultural scientists in developing tolerant crops to achieve
sustainability under the changing environmental conditions. The
increase in abiotic stress factors has become a major threat to
sustainability of crop production. This situation has led to think
ways which can help to come out with potential measures; for which
it is necessary to understand the influence of abiotic stress
factors on crops performance and the mechanisms by which these
factors impact plants. It has now become evident that abiotic
stress impacts negatively on plant growth and development at every
stage of plant's life. Plants adapt to the changing environment
with the adjustment at physiological, biochemical and molecular
levels. The possible mechanisms involved in the negative effects of
abiotic stress factors are excess production of reactive oxygen
species (ROS). They alter physiological and molecular mechanisms
leading to poor performance of plants. Plants however, are able to
cope with these adverse effects by inducing antioxidant systems as
the priority. Nevertheless, the dual role of ROS has now been
ascertained which provides an evidence for regulation of plant
metabolism positively on a concentration-dependent manner. Under
conditions of high ROS production, the antioxidant system plays a
major role in diminishing the effects of ROS. Thus, ROS production
and antioxidant system are interwoven with abiotic stress
conditions. The antioxidants have the capacity to hold the
stability in metabolism in order to avoid disruption due to
environmental disturbances.
Nanopores are nanometer scale holes formed naturally by proteins or
cells, and can be used for a variety of applications, including
sequencing DNA and detecting anthrax. They can be integrated into
artificially constructed encapsulated cells of silicon wafers while
allowing small molecules like oxygen, glucose and insulin to pass,
while keeping out large system molecules. "Nanopores: Sensing and
Fundamental Biological Interactions" examines the emerging research
directions surrounding nanopores such as genome sequencing and
early disease detection using biomarker identification. Covering
the applications of nanopores in genetics, proteomics, drug
discovery, early disease detection and detection of emerging
environmental threats, it is a must-have book for
biomedicalengineers and research scientists.
Abiotic stresses such as drought, flooding, high or low
temperatures, metal toxicity and salinity can hamper plant growth
and development. Improving Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants
explains the physiological and molecular mechanisms plants
naturally exhibit to withstand abiotic stresses and outlines the
potential approaches to enhance plant abiotic stress tolerance to
extreme conditions. Synthesising developments in plant stress
biology, the book offers strategies that can be used in breeding,
genomic, molecular, physiological and biotechnological approaches
that hold the potential to develop resilient plants and improve
crop productivity worldwide. Features * Comprehensively explains
molecular and physiological mechanism of multiple abiotic stress
tolerance in plants * Discusses recent advancements in crop abiotic
stress tolerance mechanism and highlights strategies to develop
abiotic stress tolerant genotypes for sustainability * Stimulates
synthesis of information for plant stress biology for
biotechnological applications * Presents essential information for
large scale breeding and agricultural biotechnological programs for
crop improvement Written by a team of expert scientists, this book
benefits researchers in the field of plant stress biology and is
essential reading for graduate students and researchers generating
stress tolerant crops through genetic engineering and plant
breeding. It appeals to individuals developing sustainable
agriculture through physiological and biotechnological
applications.
This text explains how Islamic banking works and what it offers as
an alternative model of financial intermediation. Important
questions addressed include: Why Islamic banking started and where
it is going? Who are the main players at present and whom it will
attract in future? What are its strengths and weaknesses? Will
Islamic banks survive in highly competitive and globalized
financial markets? What are their prospects and potentials? How
does the relative performance and efficiency of Islamic banks
compare to conventional banks?
This book provides state-of-the art analysis of banking and
financial systems in the Arab world. The early chapters of the text
present an overview of Arab economies linking banking and financial
sector trends in the Arab world over the last twenty years. The
rest of the text examines in detail the financial systems of the
major Arab countries, focusing on banking sector and capital market
developments. This text will be the first to provide a rigorous
analytical evaluation of banking sector developments in the Arab
world.
Nitric Oxide in Developing Plant Stress Resilience presents a
strong focus on genetics and molecular mechanisms, examining
crosstalk with other signaling molecules and the role this plays in
the alleviation of oxidative damage. Abiotic stress negatively
impacts plants productivity and alters the metabolism at the
cellular or whole plant level, disturbing the mineral nutrients
status, enzyme activities and osmotic homeostasis. Beginning with
the biosynthesis of NO and its mode of action, chapters review
various molecular interactions, including phytohormonal crosstalk,
ROS metabolism, post-translational modification, and nutrients
homeostasis. In addition, the book also highlights genome editing
and proteomic approaches that can be used to manipulate NO
responses. This is an essential resource for students and
researchers interested in plant physiology, biochemistry and
genetics.
Plant Hormones in Crop Improvement examines the signaling pathways
and mechanisms associated with phytohormones, with particular focus
on stress resilience. The growing population of world and
unpredictable climate puts pressure on the agriculture production.
Current constraints such as increasing temperatures, drought,
salinity, cold, nutrient deficiency, along with biotic interactions
trigger exquisitely tuned responsive mechanisms in plants. The main
coordinators of all stress-related mechanisms are phytohormones,
which can be transported over long distances and play a significant
role in controlling physiological, agronomic and growth traits,
metabolites and sustained crop productivity. Therefore,
understanding the mechanisms influencing the stress responses
mediated by phytohormones is crucial to ensure the continuity of
agricultural production and food security. This book aims to
address sustainable agricultural approaches to improve biotic and
abiotic stress resilience in crop plants, covering different topics
from perception and signaling plant hormones to physiological and
molecular changes under different cues. Plant Hormones in Crop
Improvement is an essential read for students, researchers and
agriculturalists interested in plant physiology, plant genetics and
crop yield improvement.
Reservoir Engineering focuses on the fundamental concepts related
to the development of conventional and unconventional reservoirs
and how these concepts are applied in the oil and gas industry to
meet both economic and technical challenges. Written in easy to
understand language, the book provides valuable information
regarding present-day tools, techniques, and technologies and
explains best practices on reservoir management and recovery
approaches. Various reservoir workflow diagrams presented in the
book provide a clear direction to meet the challenges of the
profession. As most reservoir engineering decisions are based on
reservoir simulation, a chapter is devoted to introduce the topic
in lucid fashion. The addition of practical field case studies make
Reservoir Engineering a valuable resource for reservoir engineers
and other professionals in helping them implement a comprehensive
plan to produce oil and gas based on reservoir modeling and
economic analysis, execute a development plan, conduct reservoir
surveillance on a continuous basis, evaluate reservoir performance,
and apply corrective actions as necessary.
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