Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

One of the most pressing tasks in biotechnology today is to unlock the function of each of the thousands of new genes identified every day. Scientists do this by analyzing and interpreting proteins, which are considered the task force of a gene. This single source reference covers all aspects of proteins, explaining fundamentals, synthesizing the latest literature, and demonstrating the most important bioinformatics tools available today for protein analysis, interpretation and prediction. Students and researchers of biotechnology, bioinformatics, proteomics, protein engineering, biophysics, computational biology, molecular modeling, and drug design will find this a ready reference for staying current and productive in this fast evolving interdisciplinary field.

Explains all aspects of proteins including sequence and structure analysis, prediction of protein structures, protein folding, protein stability, and protein interactions

Teaches readers how to analyze their own datasets using available online databases, software tools, and web servers, which are listed and updated on the book s web companion page.

Presents a cohesive and accessible overview of the field, using illustrations to explain key concepts and detailed exercises for students."

Drawing on such process thinkers as Whitehead, Deleuze and Stengers, Innovation and Biomedicine develops a powerful framework for the analysis of Biomedical Innovation. With its sustained focus on the Pre-Exposure Prophylactic pill (PrEP) for the prevention of HIV infection, the volume explores the ethical, medical and political elements entailed in the pill's testing through offshore randomized control trials (RCTs). To this end, the key concept of 'eventuation' is elaborated and deployed in the scrutiny of the 'gold standard' status of RCTs, the role of ethics in RCTs, and the enactment of the PrEP pill as a singular entity. Further, the authors engage with affective, topological and virtual dimensions to show how PrEP's eventuation also allows for new scientific and ethical questions to be crafted. Innovation and Biomedicine is a major contribution to science and technology studies, medical sociology, and the multi-disciplinary study of HIV.

Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) has become a necessity rather than a specialization for electrical and computer engineers. This unique text provides Engineering and Computer Science students with a comprehensive study of the subject, covering VLSI from basic design techniques to working principles of physical design automation tools to leading edge application-specific array processors.

Beginning with CMOS design, the author describes VLSI design from the viewpoint of a digital circuit engineer. He develops physical pictures for CMOS circuits and demonstrates the top-down design methodology using two design projects - a microprocessor and a field programmable gate array. The author then discusses VLSI testing and dedicates an entire chapter to the working principles, strengths, and weaknesses of ubiquitous physical design tools. Finally, he unveils the frontiers of VLSI. He emphasizes its use as a tool to develop innovative algorithms and architecture to solve previously intractable problems.

VLSI Design answers not only the question of "what is VLSI," but also shows how to use VLSI. It provides graduate and upper level undergraduate students with a complete and congregated view of VLSI engineering.

Over the years enormous effort was invested in proving ergodicity, but for a number of reasons, con?dence in the fruitfulness of this approach has waned. - Y. Ben-Menahem and I. Pitowsky [1] Abstract The basic motivation behind the present text is threefold: To give a new explanation for the emergence of thermodynamics, to investigate the interplay between quantum mechanics and thermodynamics, and to explore possible ext- sions of the common validity range of thermodynamics. Originally, thermodynamics has been a purely phenomenological science. Early s- entists (Galileo, Santorio, Celsius, Fahrenheit) tried to give de?nitions for quantities which were intuitively obvious to the observer, like pressure or temperature, and studied their interconnections. The idea that these phenomena might be linked to other ?elds of physics, like classical mechanics, e.g., was not common in those days. Such a connection was basically introduced when Joule calculated the heat equ- alent in 1840 showing that heat was a form of energy, just like kinetic or potential energy in the theory of mechanics. At the end of the 19th century, when the atomic theory became popular, researchers began to think of a gas as a huge amount of bouncing balls inside a box.

This innovative and thought-provoking study puts forth a compelling analysis of the constitutive nexus at the heart of the European refugee conundrum. It maps and historically contextualises some of the distinctive challenges that pervasive ethnic and cultural pluralism present to real politics as on the level of political theorizing. By systematically integrating hitherto insufficiently linked research perspectives in a novel way, it lays open a number of paradoxical constellations and regressive tendencies in contemporary European democracy. It thereby redirects attention to the ways in which liberal thought and liberal democratic institutions shape, interact with, and may even provide justification for illiberal and exclusionary practices. This book thus makes an important contribution to the analysis of post-migrant realities in Europe and the ways in which they are defined by imperial legacies, punitive migration regimes, the culturalization of mainstream politics, and the discursive construction of a European Other.

This book traces the origins and activities of the longest-standing collaborative teacher group in education, the Portfolio Group. Each chapter documents, historically and conceptually, the main intellectual moments in the evolution of the idea of knowledge communities. Authors illuminate the expansive work, research, and the leading/learning influence that the Portfolio Group has had in the local education community as well as on the international education landscape. In doing so, they illustrate the journey of a school-based, cross-institutional knowledge community and provide the proverbial light at the end of the tunnel for so many novice and newly formed groups seeking sustainability. The book demonstrates through the shared experiences of five teachers/teacher educators the ways in which varied collaborations aimed at professional development lead to teacher growth in practice, leadership, and career.

While there are no shortages of books about the Cyprus Conflict, this book offers the best summary of the negotiations around. The book comes at a critical time for the partitioned island-state of Cyprus and for those associated with the conflict and attempts to resolve it. By placing the conflict in its historical, ideological, ethno-political and geostrategic context, the book extends beyond conventional realist approaches and lays bare those less visible dimensions that are often ignored by analysts and policy-makers alike. The book is of direct interest not only to experts and students but to all those engaged in the practice of conflict resolution.

Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

Thermal Spreading and Contact Resistance is the first book to provide a single source of information for engineers who need understand thermal spreading and contact resistance for a wide range of applications. Written by two of the leading experts in the field, it covers applications of problems where heat transfer from discrete heat sources is prevalent, including contact conductance, mass transfer, transport from super-hydrophobic surfaces, droplet/surface phase change problems, tribology, and heat transfer in micro-devices and thermal spreaders. After opening with an introduction to fundamental principles, the book goes on to cover thermal spreading in isotropic half-space regions, circular flux tubes and disc spreaders, rectangular flux channels and spreaders, orthotropic systems, and multi-source applications. Further chapters explore topics such as systems with non-uniform sink plane conductance, transient spreading resistance, and contact resistance between both non-conforming and conforming surfaces. Numerous predictive models and examples and included throughout and a useful appendix provides special functions and series solutions that readers can use to further their own research.

Over the past several decades, applications permeated by advances in digital signal processing have undergone unprecedented growth in capabilities. The editors and authors of High Performance Embedded Computing Handbook: A Systems Perspective have been significant contributors to this field, and the principles and techniques presented in the handbook are reinforced by examples drawn from their work.

The chapters cover system components found in today’s HPEC systems by addressing design trade-offs, implementation options, and techniques of the trade, then solidifying the concepts with specific HPEC system examples. This approach provides a more valuable learning tool, Because readers learn about these subject areas through factual implementation cases drawn from the contributing authors’ own experiences.

Discussions include:

Key subsystems and components

Computational characteristics of high performance embedded algorithms and applications

Front-end real-time processor technologies such as analog-to-digital conversion, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays, and intellectual property–based design

Programmable HPEC systems technology, including interconnection fabrics, parallel and distributed processing, performance metrics and software architecture, and automatic code parallelization and optimization

Examples of complex HPEC systems representative of actual prototype developments

Application examples, including radar, communications, electro-optical, and sonar applications

The handbook is organized around a canonical framework that helps readers navigate through the chapters, and it concludes with a discussion of future trends in HPEC systems. The material is covered at a level suitable for practicing engineers and HPEC computational practitioners and is easily adaptable to their own implementation requirements.

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION

A Retrospective on High Performance Embedded Computing

D.R. Martinez

HPEC Hardware Systems and Software Technologies

HPEC Multiprocessor System

Representative Example of a High Performance Embedded Computing System

D.R. Martinez

System Complexity

Implementation Techniques

Software Complexity and System Integration

System Architecture of a Multiprocessor System

D.R. Martinez

A Generic Multiprocessor System

A High Performance Hardware System

Custom VLSI Implementation: Custom VLSI Hardware

A High Performance COTS Programmable Signal Processor

High Performance Embedded Computers: Development Process and

Management Perspectives

D.R. Martinez

Development Process

Case Study: Airborne Radar HPEC System: Programmable Signal Processor Development; Software Estimation, Monitoring, and Configuration Control; PSP Software Integration, Optimization, and Verification

Trends

Computational Nature of High Performance

Embedded Systems

Computational Characteristics of High Performance Embedded Algorithms and Applications

M. Arakawa and R.A. Bond

General Computational Characteristics of HPEC

Complexity of HPEC Algorithms

Parallelism in HPEC Algorithms and Architectures

Future Trends

Radar Signal Processing: An Example of High Performance Embedded Computing

R.A. Bond and A.I. Reuther

A Canonical HPEC Radar Algorithm: Subband Analysis and Synthesis; Adaptive Beamforming; Pulse Compression; Doppler Filtering; Space-Time Adaptive Processing; Subband Synthesis Revisited; CFAR Detection

Example Architecture of the Front-End Processor: A Discussion of the Back-End Processing

Front-End Real-Time Processor Technologies

Analog-to-Digital Conversion

J.C. Anderson and H.H. Kim

Conceptual ADC Operation

Static Metrics:Offset Error; Gain Error; Differential Nonlinearity; Integral Nonlinearity

Dynamic Metrics: Resolution; Monotonicity; Equivalent Input-Referred Noise (Thermal Noise); Quantization Error; Ratio of Signal to Noise and Distortion; Effective Number of Bits; Spurious-Free Dynamic Range; Dither; Aperture Uncertainty

System-Level Performance Trends and Limitations: Trends in Resolution; Trends in Effective Number of Bits; Trends in Spurious-Free Dynamic Range; Trends in Power Consumption; ADC Impact on Processing Gain

High-Speed ADC Design: Flash ADC; Architectural Techniques for Power Saving; Pipeline ADC

Power Dissipation Issues in High-Speed ADCs

Implementation Approaches of Front-End Processors

M.M. Vai and H.T. Nguyen

Front-End Processor Design Methodology

Front-End Signal Processing Technologies: Full-Custom ASIC; Synthesized ASIC; FPGA Technology;

Structured ASIC

Intellectual Property

Development Cost

Design Space

Design Case Studies: Channelized Adaptive Beamformer Processor; Radar Pulse Compression Processor;

Co-design Benefits

Application-Specific Integrated Circuits

M.M. Vai, W.S. Song, and B.M. Tyrell

Integrated Circuit Technology Evolution

CMOS Technology: MOSFET

CMOS Logic Structures: Static Logic; Dynamic CMOS Logic

Integrated Circuit Fabrication

Performance Metrics: Speed; Power Dissipation

Design Methodology: Full-Custom Physical Design; Synthesis Process; Physical Verification;

Simulation; Design for Manufacturability

Packages

Testing: Fault Models; Test Generation for Stuck-at Faults; Design for Testability; Built-in Self-Test

Case Study

Field Programmable Gate Arrays

M.Leeser

FPGA Structures: Basic Structures Found in FPGAs

Modern FPGA Architectures: Embedded Blocks; Future Directions

Commercial FPGA Boards and Systems

Languages and Tools for Programming FPGAs: Hardware Description Languages; High-Level Languages; Library-Based Solutions

Case Study: Radar Processing on an FPGA: Project Description; Parallelism: Fine-Grained versus Coarse-Grained; Data Organization; Experimental Results

Challenges to High Performance With FPGA Architectures: Data: Movement and Organization; Design Trade-offs

Intellectual Property-Based Design

W. Wolf

Classes of Intellectual Property

Sources of Intellectual Property

Licenses for Intellectual Property

CPU Cores

Busses

I/O Devices

Memories

Operating Systems

Software Libraries and Middleware

IP-Based Design Methodologies

Standards-Based Design

Systolic Array Processors

M.M. Vai, H.T. Nguyen, P.A. Jackson, and W.S. Song

Beamforming Processor Design

Systolic Array Design Approach

Design Examples: QR Decomposition Processor; Real-Time FFT Processor; Bit-Level Systolic Array Methodology

Programmable High Performance Embedded

Computing Systems

Computing Devices

K. Teitelbaum

Common Metrics: Assessing the Required Computation Rate; Quantifying the Performance of COTS Computing Devices

Current COTS Computing Devices in Embedded Systems: General-Purpose Microprocessors:

Word Length, Vector Processing Units, Power Consumption versus Performance, Memory Hierarchy, Some Benchmark Results, Input/Output, Digital Signal Processors; Future Trends: Technology Projections and Extrapolating Current Architectures; Advanced Architectures and the Exploitation of Moore’s Law: Multiple-Core Processors, The IBM Cell Broadband Engine, SIMD Processor Arrays, DARPA Polymorphic Computing Architectures, Graphical Processing Units as Numerical Co-processors, FPGA-Based Co-processors

Interconnection Fabrics

K. Teitelbaum

Introduction: Anatomy of a Typical Interconnection Fabric; Network Topology and Bisection Bandwidth;

Total Exchange; Parallel Two-Dimensional Fast Fourier Transform—A Simple Example

Crossbar Tree Networks: Network Formulas; Scalability of Network Bisection Width; Units of Replication;

Pruning Crossbar Tree Networks

VXS: A Commercial Example: Link Essentials; VXS-Supported Topologies

Performance Metrics and Software Architecture

J. Kepner, T. Meuse, and G.E. Schrader

Synthetic Aperture Radar Example Application: Operating Modes; Computational Workload

Degrees of Parallelism: Parallel Performance Metrics (no communication); Parallel Performance Metrics (with communication); Amdahl’s Law

Standard Programmable Multi-Computer: Network Model

Parallel Programming Models and Their Impact: High-Level Programming Environment with Global Arrays

System Metrics: Performance; Form Factor; Efficiency; Software Cost

Appendices: A Synthetic Aperture Radar Algorithm: Scalable Data Generator; Stage 1: Front-End Sensor Processing; Stage 2: Back-End Knowledge Formation

Programming Languages

J.M. Lebak

Principles of Programming Embedded Signal Processing Systems

Evolution of Programming Languages

Features of Third-Generation Programming Languages: Object-Oriented Programming; Exception Handling; Generic Programming

Use of Specific Languages in High Performance Embedded Computing:

C; Fortran; Ada; C++; Java

Future Development of Programming Languages

Summary: Features of Current Programming Languages

Portable Software Technology

J.M. Lebak

Libraries: Distributed and Parallel Programming; Surveying the State of Portable Software Technology:

Portable Math Libraries, Portable Performance Using Math Libraries; Parallel and Distributed Libraries; Example: Expression Template Use in the MIT Lincoln Laboratory Parallel

Vector Library

Parallel and Distributed Processing

A. I. Reuther and H. G. Kim

Parallel Programming Models: Threads: Pthreads, OpenMP; Message Passing: Parallel Virtual Machine, Message Passing Interface; Partitioned Global Address Space: Unified Parallel C, VSIPL++; Applications: Fast Fourier Transform, Synthetic Aperture Radar

Distributed Computing Models: Client-Server: SOAP, Java Remote Method Invocation, Common Object Request Broker Architecture; Data Driven: Java Messaging Service, Data Distribution Service; Applications: Radar Open Systems Architecture, Integrated Sensing and Decision Support

Automatic Code Parallelization and Optimization

N.T. Bliss

Instruction-Level Parallelism versus Explicit-Program Parallelism

Automatic Parallelization Approaches: A Taxonomy

Maps and Map Independence

Local Optimization in an Automatically Tuned Library

Compiler and Language Approach

Dynamic Code Analysis in a Middleware System

High Performance Embedded Computing

Application Examples

Radar Applications

K. Teitelbaum

Basic Radar Concepts:Pulse-Doppler Radar Operation; Multichannel Pulse-Doppler; Adaptive Beamforming; Space-Time Adaptive Processing

Mapping Radar Algorithms onto HPEC Architectures: Round-Robin Partitioning; Functional Pipelining; Coarse-Grain Data-Parallel Partitioning; Fine-Grain Data-Parallel Partitioning

Implementation Examples: Radar Surveillance Processor; Adaptive Processor (Generation 1); Adaptive Processor (Generation 2); KASSPER

A Sonar Application

W.R. Bernecky

Sonar Problem Description

Designing an Embedded Sonar System: The Sonar Processing Thread; Prototype Development; Computational Requirements; Parallelism; Implementing the Real-Time System; Verify Real-Time Performance; Verify Correct Output

An Example Development: System Attributes; Sonar Processing Thread Computational Requirements; Sensor Data Collection; Two-Dimensional Fast Fourier Transform; Covariance Matrix Formation;

Covariance Matrix Inversion; Adaptive Beamforming; Broadband Formation; Normalization; Detection; Display Preparation and Operator Controls; Summary of Computational Requirements; Parallelism

Hardware Architecture

Software Considerations

Embedded Sonar Systems of the Future References

Communications Applications

J.I. Goodman and T.G. Macdonald

Communications Application Challenges

Communications Signal Processing, Transmitter Signal Processing; Transmitter Processing Requirements; Receiver Signal Processing; Receiver Processing Requirements

Development of a Real-Time Electro-Optical Reconnaissance System

R.A. Coury

Aerial Surveillance Background

Methodology: Performance Modeling; Feature Tracking and Optic Flow; Three-Dimensional Site Model Generation; Challenges; Camera Model; Distortion

System Design Considerations: Altitude; Sensor; GPS/IMU; Processing and Storage; Communications; Cost; Test Platform

Transition to Target Platform: Payload; GPS/IMU; Sensor; Processing; Communications and Storage; Altitude

Future Trends

Application and HPEC System Trends

D.R. Martinez

Introduction: Sensor Node Architecture Trends

Hardware Trends

Software Trends

Distributed Net-Centric Architecture

A Review on Probabilistic CMOS (PCMOS) Technology: From Device

Characteristics to Ultra-Low-Energy SOC Architectures

K.V. Palem, L.N. Chakrapani, B.E.S. Akgul, and P. Korkmaz

Characterizing the Behavior of a PCMOS Switch: Inverter Realization of a Probabilistic Switch;

Analytical Model and the Three Laws of a PCMOS Inverter; Realizing a Probabilistic Inverter with Limited Available Noise

Realizing PCMOS-Based Low-Energy Architectures: Metrics for Evaluating PCMOS-Based Architectures; Experimental Methodology; Metrics for Analysis of PCMOS-Based Implementations; Hyperencryption Application and PCMOS-Based Implementation; Results and Analysis; PCMOS-Based Architectures for Error-Tolerant Applications

Advanced Microprocessor Architectures

J. McMahon, S. Crago, and D. Yeung

Background: Established Instruction-Level Parallelism Techniques; Parallel Architectures

Motivation for New Architectures: Limitations of Conventional Microprocessors

Current Research Microprocessors: Instruction-Level Parallelism: Tile-Based Organization; Explicit Parallelism Model; Scalable On-Chip Networks; Data-Level Parallelism: SIMD Architectures; Vector Architectures; Streaming Architectures; Thread-Level Parallelism: Multithreading and Granularity;

Multilevel Memory; Speculative Execution

Real-Time Embedded Applications: Scalability; Input/Output Bandwidth; Programming Models and Algorithm Mapping

Glossary of Acronyms and Abbreviations

Index