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The water policy issues are well- documented in a large set of
reports and studies, completed over time showing that the policy
prescription and its implementation has been weak in the past as
this book reveals. The key reforms initiated were lost due
to a lack of government’s will and commitment and more so by
pervasive political economy of water. Given this background, each
chapter in the book follows a balanced approach in seeking and
evaluating alternate solutions to water management issues,
especially improvements in water governance and tackling new
challenges emerging from the climate change in the short and long
term. This approach underpins the importance of moving from the
culture of piloting projects to actual implementation on an
impact-oriented scale. The book would also highlight that most of
the water solutions lie outside the water sector such as
agriculture, population, economy, etc. Post COVID-19 policies are
exploring new food-health nexus that calls for nature based
solutions for our future agriculture growth. The book would show
case pioneer work underway in Pakistan on how new
policy discourse can reduce water use in agriculture
without investing in expensive water technology and infrastructure,
thus saving enough water for otherÂ
competing purposes.Â
This book addresses two interrelated problems in economics
modelling: non-nested hypothesis testing in econometrics, and
regression models with stochastic/random regressors. The primary
motivation for this book stems from the nature of econometric
models. As an abstraction from reality, each statistical model
consists of mathematical relationships and stochastic, behavioural
assumptions. In practice, the validity of these assumptions and the
adequacy of the mathematical specifications is ascertained through
a series of diagnostic and specification tests. Conventional test
procedures, however, fail to recognise that economic theory
generally provides more than one distinct model to explain any
given economic phenomenon.
Silymarin is a purified extract from milk thistle (Silybum marianun
(L.) Gaertn), composed of a mixture of isomeric flavonolignans:
silybin (its main, active component), isosilybin, silydianin and
silychristin. This extract has been empirically used as a remedy
for almost 2000 years, and remains being used as a medicine for
many types of acute and chronic liver diseases. Despite its
routinely clinical use as hepatoprotectant, the mechanisms
underlying its beneficial effects remain largely unknown. The
purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics and
bioaequivalence of two brands of Silymarin tablets in healthy male
volunteers in local population. Pharmacokinetic parameters were
calculated by non- compartmental method using Kinetica(r) PK/PD
version 4.4 and MS Excel Windows professional XP. Maximum
concentration of Silymarin in plasma (Cmax), time to these peak
plasma concentrations (Tmax) and other bioparameters (AUC0-,
AUMC0-, t1/2, Ke, MRT, Vd and ClT) were determine
HEPATIC DISORDERS LIKE CHRONIC VIRAL HEPATITIS B AND C, ALCOHOLIC
LIVER DISEASE, NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE, AND HEPATOCELLULAR
CARCINOMA ARE MAJOR WORLDWIDE AND STILL UNRESOLVED PROBLEMS.
REGARDLESS OF HIGH INCIDENCE, THEIR THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT IS
PRESENTLY INADEQUATE AND STILL A DARE TO MODERN MEDICINE. ALTHOUGH,
RECENTLY DEVELOPED DRUGS HAVE BEEN USED TO TREAT CHRONIC HEPATIC
DISEASES BUT MOST OF THEM HAVE A LOT OF SIDE EFFECTS, LIMITED
EFFICACY AND OFTEN TOO EXPENSIVE, PARTICULARLY FOR THE DEVELOPING
WORLD. THEREFORE, IN THE ABSCENCE OF A RELIABLE HEPATOPROTECTIVE
DRUG IN ALLOPATHIC MEDICAL PRACTICES, HERBS PLAY A MAJOR ROLE IN
THE MANAGEMENT OF NUMEROUS LIVER DISEASES IN ETHNO MEDICIAL
PRACTICES IN PAKISTAN. BUT, MANAGEMENT OF HEPATIC DISEASES WITH
SOME SPECIFIC HERBS IS STILL A CAPTIVATING TROUBLE. THIS BOOK,
THEREFORE PROVIDES KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SOME SELECTED HERBS, USED
TRADITIONALLY AS HEPATOPROTECTIVE AND HEPATOCURATIVE IN PAKISTAN
WHICH DEFINATELY HAVE GREAT POTENTIAL TO SWAP THE PRESENTLY USED
CHEMICAL DRUGS OF SUSPICIOUS EFFICACY AND SAFETY.
The increasing number of patients with chronic diseases implies the
necessity of developing drugs for a longer period and taking a lot
of medicines simultaneously, which may lead to a decrease in
patient compliance. This problem is serious for drugs with short
biological half lives because they must be taken more frequently. A
solution might be the development of a dosage form capable of
releasing the drug gradually. In this regard, microencapsulation
has been used as one of the methods to construct a formulation for
delivering the drug in a controlled mode. This book provides
chemistry of salbutamol sulphate, tramadol hydrochloride,
diclofenac sodium and ethylcellulose, physics of drug release
through particle wall and use of microparticles in life sciences.
Microparticles were prepared by using three different
microencapsulation techniques i.e. coacervation thermal change,
solvent evaporation and coacervation non-solvent addition by
adjusting the ratio of drug to ethylcellulose (release retardant
material). This presentation narrates a complete guideline from
formulation development by microencapsulation to the conductance of
biowaiver study.
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