The water policy issues are well- documented in a large set of reports and studies, completed over time showing that the policy prescription and its implementation has been weak in the past as this  book reveals. The key reforms initiated were lost due to a lack of government’s will and commitment and more so by pervasive political economy of water. Given this background, each chapter in the book follows a balanced approach in seeking and evaluating alternate solutions to water management issues, especially improvements in water governance and tackling new challenges emerging from the climate change in the short and long term. This approach underpins the importance of moving from the culture of piloting projects to actual implementation on an impact-oriented scale. The book would also highlight that most of the water solutions lie outside the water sector such as agriculture, population, economy, etc. Post COVID-19 policies are exploring new food-health nexus that calls for nature based solutions for our future agriculture growth. The book would show case pioneer work underway in Pakistan on  how new policy  discourse  can reduce water use in agriculture without investing in expensive water technology and infrastructure, thus saving  enough water  for  other  competing  purposes. 

This book addresses two interrelated problems in economics modelling: non-nested hypothesis testing in econometrics, and regression models with stochastic/random regressors. The primary motivation for this book stems from the nature of econometric models. As an abstraction from reality, each statistical model consists of mathematical relationships and stochastic, behavioural assumptions. In practice, the validity of these assumptions and the adequacy of the mathematical specifications is ascertained through a series of diagnostic and specification tests. Conventional test procedures, however, fail to recognise that economic theory generally provides more than one distinct model to explain any given economic phenomenon.

HEPATIC DISORDERS LIKE CHRONIC VIRAL HEPATITIS B AND C, ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE, NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE, AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA ARE MAJOR WORLDWIDE AND STILL UNRESOLVED PROBLEMS. REGARDLESS OF HIGH INCIDENCE, THEIR THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT IS PRESENTLY INADEQUATE AND STILL A DARE TO MODERN MEDICINE. ALTHOUGH, RECENTLY DEVELOPED DRUGS HAVE BEEN USED TO TREAT CHRONIC HEPATIC DISEASES BUT MOST OF THEM HAVE A LOT OF SIDE EFFECTS, LIMITED EFFICACY AND OFTEN TOO EXPENSIVE, PARTICULARLY FOR THE DEVELOPING WORLD. THEREFORE, IN THE ABSCENCE OF A RELIABLE HEPATOPROTECTIVE DRUG IN ALLOPATHIC MEDICAL PRACTICES, HERBS PLAY A MAJOR ROLE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF NUMEROUS LIVER DISEASES IN ETHNO MEDICIAL PRACTICES IN PAKISTAN. BUT, MANAGEMENT OF HEPATIC DISEASES WITH SOME SPECIFIC HERBS IS STILL A CAPTIVATING TROUBLE. THIS BOOK, THEREFORE PROVIDES KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SOME SELECTED HERBS, USED TRADITIONALLY AS HEPATOPROTECTIVE AND HEPATOCURATIVE IN PAKISTAN WHICH DEFINATELY HAVE GREAT POTENTIAL TO SWAP THE PRESENTLY USED CHEMICAL DRUGS OF SUSPICIOUS EFFICACY AND SAFETY.

Silymarin is a purified extract from milk thistle (Silybum marianun (L.) Gaertn), composed of a mixture of isomeric flavonolignans: silybin (its main, active component), isosilybin, silydianin and silychristin. This extract has been empirically used as a remedy for almost 2000 years, and remains being used as a medicine for many types of acute and chronic liver diseases. Despite its routinely clinical use as hepatoprotectant, the mechanisms underlying its beneficial effects remain largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics and bioaequivalence of two brands of Silymarin tablets in healthy male volunteers in local population. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non- compartmental method using Kinetica(r) PK/PD version 4.4 and MS Excel Windows professional XP. Maximum concentration of Silymarin in plasma (Cmax), time to these peak plasma concentrations (Tmax) and other bioparameters (AUC0-, AUMC0-, t1/2, Ke, MRT, Vd and ClT) were determine

The increasing number of patients with chronic diseases implies the necessity of developing drugs for a longer period and taking a lot of medicines simultaneously, which may lead to a decrease in patient compliance. This problem is serious for drugs with short biological half lives because they must be taken more frequently. A solution might be the development of a dosage form capable of releasing the drug gradually. In this regard, microencapsulation has been used as one of the methods to construct a formulation for delivering the drug in a controlled mode. This book provides chemistry of salbutamol sulphate, tramadol hydrochloride, diclofenac sodium and ethylcellulose, physics of drug release through particle wall and use of microparticles in life sciences. Microparticles were prepared by using three different microencapsulation techniques i.e. coacervation thermal change, solvent evaporation and coacervation non-solvent addition by adjusting the ratio of drug to ethylcellulose (release retardant material). This presentation narrates a complete guideline from formulation development by microencapsulation to the conductance of biowaiver study.