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Since 500 BC the mainland Greeks had been threatened by the
Achaemenid Persian Empire. They had suffered major invasions but
subsequent attempts to take the offensive had been thwarted. With
Alexander the Great's invasion the rules changed. In Macedonia a
new model army had been developed, taking the traditional hoplite
heavy infantry in a new evolutionary direction and similarly
transforming the heavy cavalry. These developments neutralized the
Persians' own efforts to modernize their troops, tactics and
equipment. Despite the inclusion of a state-of-the-art siege train,
the structure of the reformed Macedonian army allowed an
unprecedented operational tempo. Manousos Kambouris' detailed
analysis explains that it was Alexander's intelligent use of these
forces, that allowed him to dictate the course of the campaign. His
excellent strategic and operational decision-making, based on an
intimate knowledge of geography and logistics, along with
well-timed movements and clever feints, allowed him to choose his
battles, which he then won by tactical brilliance and guts. The
author does not neglect to assess the Persian capabilities and
decision making, concluding that Darius III was not as inept as
often thought. Indeed, he may have been the most militarily capable
King of Kings but it was his misfortune to be pitted against the
genius of Alexander, the great avenger.
The explosive growth of bioeconomy and bioscience, coupled with an
interconnected planet increases the potential impact of large-scale
bio-events. Either causing public health threats as in epidemics or
posing food security issues, from mass poisonings to large-scale
starvation, such eventualities are direct threats and indirect
destabilizers in a planetary context. The issue of Biosecurity thus
pervades every affected aspect, from exploitations of the
agro-sector and the food industry to the Public Health management,
the novel therapeutic/treatment approaches, the new age of space,
deep-sea and subterranean explorations and the interface with the
cyber world and the massive or small-scale projection of violence.
It has been present since ancient times tacitly and discreetly but
only recently took its present guise, the different aspects of
which are explored in this book.
The dramatic conclusion to this trilogy explains the reversal of
fortunes and final defeat of Xerxes' Persian invasion of Greece;
not as unlikely as usually presupposed. The focus is on the
successful repulse of the Persian massive armada at Salamis, a
resounding naval victory with parallels to the English defeat of
the Spanish Armada. Along with the backstage policies and
cloak-and-dagger events, the analysis of hard data of naval and
military realities and environment shows the reason for this
outcome and more so of the closely fought double campaign of the
following year that ended the Persian threat. The massive land
victory at Plataea that ousted the empire form mainland Greece and
crippled its armies, and the amphibious operation at Mycale that
destroyed the remnants of the royal Grand Armada and shut the doors
to further Persian incursions in Greece is examined in detail.
Manousos Kambouris examines in depth the plans, potential, assets
and liabilities of the two protagonists to explain command
decisions and developments in the field. This is a fine finale to
this fresh appraisal of these hugely significant events.
This is the epic story of the Great Persian War of 481-479 BC, the
major land and sea Persian invasion of Greece under Xerxes.
Starting from the Persian decision to avenge the outrage caused to
imperial prestige by the battle of Marathon, this book details the
policy, diplomacy and religion as they intermingle with matters of
strategy and tactics. It includes detailed coverage of the
legendary Battle of Thermopylae, immortalized in literature and
film as the ultimate defiant last stand. There is similarly
in-depth coverage, in terms of events, tactics, methods and
intentions, afforded to the relatively unknown sea battles off Cape
Artemisium, only recently dramatized for the Big Screen; a naval
engagement that primed the Battle of Salamis. Special attention has
been paid to the events following these two battles, leading to the
bloody conquest of Athens and the implementation of vengeance by
the Persian Empire, which for a brief time stood triumphant,
victorious and awesome as never before, but also sowed the seeds of
eventual defeat.
Manousos Kambouris revisits the epic events of the first
Greco-Persian War and the Persian invasion of Greece. He gives
excellent detail on the Persian perspective and sets the war in the
context of the rise of Achaemenid Persia as the superpower of the
day and the expansion of their empire into Europe. After relating
the earlier Persian campaigns in Europe the author shows how the
Ionian Revolt, by the Greeks of Asia Minor already under Persian
rule, was instrumental. Darius I, the Persian King of Kings ordered
the invasion of Greece ostensibly to punish the Greeks, and more
specifically the Athenians, for their support of the Revolt and to
contain further insurgencies but in truth to achieve god-ordained
world dominance. Describing the invasion in great detail, the
author analyses the king's immense (even if occasionally
exaggerated) army, considering its composition and logistical
constraints. The campaign leading to Marathon and the decisive
battle itself are then clearly narrated. Manousos Kambouris'
meticulous research brings fresh insights to this timeless tale of
defiance of the odds and victory for the underdog.
In The Trojan war as Military History, the author's starting point
is the fact that the Iliad, notwithstanding the
fantastical/mythological elements (the involvement of gods and
demigods), is the earliest detailed description of warfare we have.
Stripping away the myths, Manousos Kambouris analyses the epic and
combines it with other textual and archaeological evidence to
produce a coherent narrative of the conflict and of Bronze Age
warfare in the Aegean. The author presents the most detailed
analysis possible of Mycenaean Greek armies - their composition and
organization, the warriors' weapons, armour and tactics, and those
of their enemies. He finds sophisticated combined-arms forces
blending massed infantry with missile troops and chariots,
employing open battle, deception and special operations in what
amounted to total war. The author's detailed examination of the
mechanics of Bronze Age combat is enriched by his use of insights
from experimental archaeology using replica equipment. No less
illuminating or significant than the minutiae of heroic duels is
the setting of the strategic context of the conflict and the
geopolitical relationship of the Mycenaean Greeks with their rivals
across the Aegean. Seeking to integrate the supernatural/divine
element of the Iliad within the power structure and struggle of the
day, the author lashes the Trojan War to the chariot of rationality
and drags it from the mists of mythology and into the realm of
History.
Microbiomics: Dimensions, Applications, and Translational
Implications of Human and Environmental Microbiome Research
describes a new, holistic approach to microbiomics. International
experts provide in-depth discussion of current research methods for
studying human, environmental, viral and fungal microbiomes, as
well as the implications of new discoveries for human health,
nutrition, disease, cancer research, probiotics and in the food and
agricultural industries. Distinct chapters covering culturomics and
sub-microbiomes, such as the viriome and mycetobiome, provide an
integrative framework for the expansion of microbiomics into new
areas of application, as well as crosspollination between research
areas. Detailed case studies include the use of microbiomics to
develop natural products with antimicrobial properties, microbiomic
enhancements in food and beverage technology, microbes for
bioprotection and biopreservation, microbial tools to reduce
antibiotic resistance, and maintenance and cultivation of human
microbial communities.
Genomics in Biosecurity: Principles and Applications of Genomic
Technologies in Expanded Biosecurity Concepts, in the Translational
and Applied Genomics series, explains in definite and practical
terms the applicability of genomic technologies in every aspect of
biosecurity, from emergent diagnostics to bioterrorism,
agroterrorism, next generation biowarfare, biosurveillance and risk
assessment. This book offers an integrated discussion of genomics
and GCBR (global catastrophic biological risks) events, considering
both basic aspects of biosecurity genomics and application of
genomic technologies to drive new solutions. Readers will find
evidence-based strategies to apply genomics in disease and pathogen
monitoring and diagnosis, and more. Social aspects of GCBR events
and genomic biosecurity, such as issues of terrorism, policy
ethics, and practice, are also considered in-depth.
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