This edited volume outlines the latest meta-theoretical and theoretical contexts of self-research. "Self and Identity" examines theoretical accounts of human experience within the contemporary socio-cultural milieu and attempts to answer the question of what it means to be human. It provides a clear structure within which to conceptualize contemporary empirical research on self and identity in terms of personal, social, and symbolic aspects. In so doing, it identifies the symbolic aspect as an emerging area of contemporary significance.
Featuring contributions from a distinguished group of scholars and therapists, the book is organized into four parts. The editors provide section introductions to demonstrate how each chapter relates to the book's overall theme, as well as how the chapter authors responded to the editors' charge to go beyond the social cognitive theory of the self. Part I describes the current meta-theoretical context of self-research, the editors' interpretation of the social cognitive approach to the self, and an emerging alternative theory, the Connectionist Approach. Part II highlights personal perspectives on selfhood, Part III focuses on social perspectives, and Part IV reviews symbolic processes. The concluding chapter reviews the book's major themes with overlapping themes and intellectual disputes.
The book is intended for graduate students and researchers in social and personality psychology interested in self and identity and self-research. It may also be used as a supplemental text in advanced-level courses on self and identity.

First published in 1999. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Merit-based tests and contests have become popular methods for allocating rewards - from trophies to contracts, jobs to grants, admissions to licenses. With origins in jurisprudence, methods of rewarding merit seem fairer than those rewarding political or social connections, bribery, aggression, status, or wealth. Because of this, merit-based competitions are well-suited to the societal belief that people should be rewarded for what they know or do, and not for who they know or are; however, judging merit is rarely an easy task - it is prone to a variety of biases and errors. Small biases and errors, especially in large competitions, can make large differences in who or what is rewarded. It is important, then, to learn how to spot flaws in procedures for judging merit and to correct them when possible. Based on over 20 years of theory and research in human judgment, decision making and social psychology, this unique book brings together for the first time what is known about the processes and problems of judging merit and their consequences. It also provides practical suggestions for increasing the fairness of merit-based competitions, and examines the future and limits of these competitions in society.

Merit-based tests and contests have become popular methods for allocating rewards from trophies to contracts, jobs to grants, admissions to licenses. With origins in jurisprudence, methods of rewarding merit seem fairer than those rewarding political or social connections, bribery, aggression, status, or wealth. Because of this, merit-based competitions are well-suited to the societal belief that people should be rewarded for what they know or do, and not for who they know or are; however, judging merit is rarely an easy task it is prone to a variety of biases and errors. Small biases and errors, especially in large competitions, can make large differences in who or what is rewarded. It is important, then, to learn how to spot flaws in procedures for judging merit and to correct them when possible.

Based on over 20 years of theory and research in human judgment, decision making and social psychology, this unique book brings together for the first time what is known about the processes and problems of judging merit and their consequences. It also provides practical suggestions for increasing the fairness of merit-based competitions, and examines the future and limits of these competitions in society.

This edited volume outlines the latest meta-theoretical and theoretical contexts of self-research. "Self and Identity" examines theoretical accounts of human experience within the contemporary socio-cultural milieu and attempts to answer the question of what it means to be human. It provides a clear structure within which to conceptualize contemporary empirical research on self and identity in terms of personal, social, and symbolic aspects. In so doing, it identifies the symbolic aspect as an emerging area of contemporary significance.
Featuring contributions from a distinguished group of scholars and therapists, the book is organized into four parts. The editors provide section introductions to demonstrate how each chapter relates to the book's overall theme, as well as how the chapter authors responded to the editors' charge to go beyond the social cognitive theory of the self. Part I describes the current meta-theoretical context of self-research, the editors' interpretation of the social cognitive approach to the self, and an emerging alternative theory, the Connectionist Approach. Part II highlights personal perspectives on selfhood, Part III focuses on social perspectives, and Part IV reviews symbolic processes. The concluding chapter reviews the book's major themes with overlapping themes and intellectual disputes.
The book is intended for graduate students and researchers in social and personality psychology interested in self and identity and self-research. It may also be used as a supplemental text in advanced-level courses on self and identity.

Contents:
M. Foddy, M. Smithson, Theories and Strategies for Studying Social Dilemmas. Part I. Formal Models and Dynamic Systems Approaches. M. Smithson, Taking Exogenous Dynamics Seriously in Public Goods and Resource Dilemmas. Y. Watanabe, T. Yamagishi, Emergence of Strategies in a Selective Play Environment with Geographic Mobility. E. Takagi, Generalized Exchange and the Emergence of Social Order. A. Rapoport, W. Almadoss, Social Dilemmas Embedded in Between-group Competitions: Effects of Contest and Distribution Rates. W. Au, D. Budescu, Sequential Effects in Give-some and Take-some Social Dilemmas. Part II. Control Systems and Structural Solutions. N. Kerr, Anonymity and Social Control in Social Dilemmas. M. van Vugt, Managing Natural Resource Dilemmas Through Structural Change. A. Franzen, The Volunteer's Dilemma: Theoretical Models and Empirical Evidence. S. Suleiman, K. Or-Chen, Providing Step-level Public Goods Under Uncertainty: The Case of Probably External Supply. M. Beckenkamp, Sanctioning as an Ambiguous Structural Solution. Xiao-Ping Chen, Work Team Cooperation: A Longitudinal Study on the Effects of Reward Allocation Rules. J. Webb, Structural Change Decision-Making in Social Dilemmas: A Preliminary Framework. Part III. Linking Individual and Group Processes. D. Messick, Models of Decision Making in Social Dilemmas. T. Garling, A. Biel, M. Gustafsson, Managing Uncertain Common Resources. G. Hertel, Mood Effects in Social Dilemmas. A. Biel, C. von Borgstede, U. Dahlstrand, Norm Perception and Cooperation in Large-scale Social Dilemmas. S. Schneider, J. Sundali, Curbside Recycling: Does it Promote Environmental Responsibility? J. Garvill, Factors Influencing Elementary and Instrumental Cooperation in Choice of Transportation Mode. J. Schopler, C.A. Insko, The Role of Future Consequences in the Reduction of the Interindividual-intergroup Discontinuity Effect. B. Morrison, Interdependence, the Group, and Social Cooperation: A New Look at an Old Problem. M. Foddy, M. Hogg, Leaders and Social Dilemmas: The Intergroup Context. S. Schneider, M. Brewer, Social Dilemmas and Social Evolution.