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Measuring and Understanding Coastal Processes (Paperback)
National Research Council, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, Marine Board, Committee on Coastal Engineering Measurement Systems
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R381
Discovery Miles 3 810
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Ships in 12 - 17 working days
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Much of the U.S. coastline is rapidly changing--mostly eroding.
That fact places increasing pressure on the planners and managers
responsible for coastal development and protection, and could have
a direct effect on many of the 125 million Americans living within
50 miles of the coast who rely on its resources and beaches for
their livelihood or recreation. Although rapid advances have been
made in the measurement systems needed to understand and describe
the forces and changes at work in the surf-zone environment, their
potential for allowing more accurate and reliable planning and
engineering responses has not been fully realized. This book
assesses coastal data needs, instrumentation, and analyses, and
recommends areas in which more information or better
instrumentation is needed.
Best Available and Safest Technologies for Offshore Oil and Gas
Operations: Options for Implementation explores a range of options
for improving the implementation of the U.S. Department of the
Interior's congressional mandate to require the use of best
available and safety technologies in offshore oil and gas
operations. In the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act, Congress
directs the Secretary of the Interior to regulate oil and gas
operations in federal waters. The act mandates that the Secretary
"shall require, on all new drilling and production operations and,
wherever practicable, on existing operations, the use of the best
available and safest technologies which the Secretary determines to
be economically feasible, wherever failure of equipment would have
a significant effect on safety, health, or the environment, except
where the Secretary determines that the incremental benefits are
clearly insufficient to justify the incremental costs of utilizing
such technologies." This report, which was requested by Department
of the Interior's Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement
(BSEE), also reviews options and issues that BSEE is already
considering to improve implementation of the best available and
safest technologies requirement. Table of Contents Front Matter
BEST AVAILABLE AND SAFEST TECHNOLOGIES FOR OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS
OPERATIONS: OPTIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION Summary 1 Introduction 2
Processes for Identifying Technologies 3 Processes for Evaluating
and Developing Technologies 4 Implementation Mechanisms References
Appendix A: Statement of Task Appendix B: Lessons from Other
Organizations for Best Available and Safest Technologies
Implementation Study Committee Biographical Information
Spills of Emulsified Fuels: Risks and Response is part of an
evolving body of work conducted by the National Research Council
(NRC) to help inform debate and decision-making regarding the
ecological consequences of releases associated with the widespread
use of fossil fuels. Like earlier NRC reports, it attempts to
understand the chemical, physical, and biological behavior of a
complex mix of compounds that make up various petroleum
hydrocarbon-based fuels. The specific risk factors presented by
emulsified fuels are difficult to characterize, mainly because
there have been no spills of emulsified fuels to date, and thus
there is little practical experience with these products.
The future safety of maritime transportation in the United States-a
major factor in the nation's international trade and economic
well-being-will depend heavily on the quality of port and waterways
information systems. Many U.S. ports and waterways lack adequate
information services, although certain elements of advanced systems
are now available in some locations. Barriers to improvements in
information systems include the division of responsibilities for
waterways management among multiple agencies at all levels of
government, a lack of coordination among the federal agencies
responsible for waterways management, inadequate budgets for some
critical maritime programs, the high costs of some specialized
technologies, stakeholder opposition to user fees, limited access
to certain key data, the incompatibility of many independently
developed systems, and the absence of standards for some attractive
technologies. In this report, the second phase of a three-year
study by the Committee on Maritime Advanced Information Systems of
the National Research Council, a strategy is presented for
overcoming the major barriers and deficiencies and providing a
minimum level of maritime safety information nationwide. In this
phase of the study, the committee concentrated on maritime
information systems that promote safety, which is the area of
greatest need. The committee did not examine in detail the
relationship between navigation safety and maritime transportation
efficiency or evaluate information systems that promote efficiency;
the committee believes, however, that these issues deserve further
attention. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary 1 Need
for Improved Navigation Information Systems 2 Federal, State, and
Private Roles 3 Enhancing Navigation Safety Information Systems 4
Vision of the Future and How to Achieve It 5 Conclusions and
Recommendations A Biographies of Committee Members B Excerpt from
the National Dialog on Vessel Traffic Services, April 1997 C
Maritime Advanced Information Systems, Puget Sound Region D
Maritime Information Systems, Port of Charleston, South Carolina E
Arrival-to-Departure Information Exchange
Large ships transporting hazardous cargoes, notorious marine
accidents, and damage to marine ecosystems from tanker spills have
heightened public concern for the safe navigation of ships. This
new volume offers a complete, highly readable assessment of marine
navigation and piloting. It addresses the application of new
technology to reduce the probability of accidents, controversies
over the effectiveness of waterways management and marine pilotage,
and navigational decisionmaking. The book also explores the way
pilots of ships and tugs are trained, licensed, and held
accountable. Minding the Helm approaches navigational safety from
the perspectives of risk assessment and the integration of human,
technological, and organizational systems. Air and marine traffic
regulation methods are compared, including the use of vessel
traffic services. With a store of current information and examples,
this document will be indispensable to federal and state pilotage
and licensing authorities and marine traffic regulators, the Coast
Guard, pilot associations, and the shipping and towing industries.
It will also interest individuals involved in waterway design,
marine education, and the marine environment. Table of Contents
Front Matter EXECUTIVE SUMMARY THE MARINE NAVIGATION AND PILOTING
SYSTEM PILOTING PRACTICES PILOTAGE ADMINISTRATION RISK, THE
OPERATING ENVIRONMENT, AND SAFETY MARINE TRAFFIC REGULATION
NAVIGATION AND PILOTING TECHNOLOGY A HUMAN SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE ON
MARINE NAVIGATION AND PILOTING RESEARCH NEEDS A VISION OF THE
FUTURE CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS APPENDIXES APPENDIX A:
Biographies APPENDIX B: Acknowledgements APPENDIX C: Papers
Prepared for this Study APPENDIX D: A Review of Studies Covering
U.S. Navigable Waters APPENDIX E: Central Features of a Complete
Pilotage System APPENDIX F: Pilot Training Requirements APPENDIX G:
A Primer on Navigation Technologies APPENDIX H: Summary Report of
European Trip GLOSSARY REFERENCES INDEX
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Using Oil Spill Dispersants on the Sea (Paperback)
Committee on Effectiveness of Oil Spill Dispersants, Marine Board, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, National Research Council; Created by …
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R1,606
Discovery Miles 16 060
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Ships in 12 - 17 working days
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While major oil spills are rare, oil slicks can have disastrous
environmental and economic consequences. This book summarizes
research on the use of chemical dispersants: their effectiveness
and limitations and the results of using them in different spill
situations. Based on laboratory and field research as well as on
actual case histories, this book contains a clear-cut set of
recommendations for action, planning, and research. Of special
interest is the chapter on the biological effects of oil itself and
of oil treated with chemical dispersants.
Are the nation's ports adequate for our present and future needs?
This volume points out that no significant new deep-water
construction has occurred for a decade, and provides the
information and analysis needed to goad the ports and the federal
government into action. The book asks three questions: Is
additional port construction and maintenance dredging needed now or
over the next 20 years? What would prevent dredging if it is
needed? What alternatives could make additional dredging possible?
The book identifies several problems in dredging ports, including
the long interval between a decision to deepen a port and the time
the alterations are complete. The United States needs to speed port
construction to meet changing needs, and the committee recommends
that we prepare for future needs by dredging now.
The safety record of lightering (the transfer of petroleum cargo at
sea from a large tanker to smaller ones) has been excellent in U.S.
waters in recent years, as evidenced by the very low rate of
spillage of oil both in absolute terms and compared with all other
tanker-related accidental spills. The lightering safety record is
likely to be maintained or even improved in the future as overall
quality improvements in the shipping industry are implemented.
Risks can be reduced even further through measures that enhance
sound lightering standards and practices, support cooperative
industry efforts to maintain safety, and increase the availability
of essential information to shipping companies and mariners. Only
continued vigilance and attention to safety initiatives can avert
serious accidents involving tankers carrying large volumes of oil.
Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary 1 Introduction 2
Lightering Primer 3 Lightering Vessels, Systems, and the External
Environment 4 Procedures, Practices, and Human Factors 5
Conclusions and Recommendations Acronyms Appendix A: Biographies of
Committee Members Appendix B: Committee Meetings, Subgroup
Meetings, and Site Visits Appendix C: U.S. Coast Guard Data on
Lightering Incidents, 1984 to 1996 Appendix D: Data on East Coast
Lightering Operations and Incidents Appendix E: Data on West Coast
Lightering Operations and Incidents Appendix F: Letter Regarding
Chevron Shipping Company's Offshore Lightering Plans Appendix G:
Lightering Zone Regulations Appendix H: Safety Checklists Appendix
I: Statement of Task
Over the last 100 years, sea level has risen approximately 12
centimeters and is expected to continue rising at an even faster
rate. This situation has serious implications for human activity
along our coasts. In this book, geological and coastal engineering
experts examine recent sea level trends and project changes over
the next 100 years, anticipating shoreline response to changing sea
level and the consequences for coastal development and uses.
Scenarios for future sea level rise and several case studies are
presented.
The blowout of the Macondo well on April 20, 2010, led to enormous
consequences for the individuals involved in the drilling
operations, and for their families. Eleven workers on the Deepwater
Horizon drilling rig lost their lives and 16 others were seriously
injured. There were also enormous consequences for the companies
involved in the drilling operations, to the Gulf of Mexico
environment, and to the economy of the region and beyond. The flow
continued for nearly 3 months before the well could be completely
killed, during which time, nearly 5 million barrels of oil spilled
into the gulf. Macondo Well-Deepwater Horizon Blowout examines the
causes of the blowout and provides a series of recommendations, for
both the oil and gas industry and government regulators, intended
to reduce the likelihood and impact of any future losses of well
control during offshore drilling. According to this report,
companies involved in offshore drilling should take a "system
safety" approach to anticipating and managing possible dangers at
every level of operation -- from ensuring the integrity of wells to
designing blowout preventers that function under all foreseeable
conditions-- in order to reduce the risk of another accident as
catastrophic as the Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill. In
addition, an enhanced regulatory approach should combine strong
industry safety goals with mandatory oversight at critical points
during drilling operations. Macondo Well-Deepwater Horizon Blowout
discusses ultimate responsibility and accountability for well
integrity and safety of offshore equipment, formal system safety
education and training of personnel engaged in offshore drilling,
and guidelines that should be established so that well designs
incorporate protection against the various credible risks
associated with the drilling and abandonment process. This book
will be of interest to professionals in the oil and gas industry,
government decision makers, environmental advocacy groups, and
others who seek an understanding of the processes involved in order
to ensure safety in undertakings of this nature.
This is an EXACT reproduction of a book published before 1923. This
IS NOT an OCR'd book with strange characters, introduced
typographical errors, and jumbled words. This book may have
occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor
pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original
artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe
this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections,
have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing
commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We
appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the
preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.
Marine debris is a serious environmental problem. To do its part,
the United States has agreed to abide by the international treaty
for garbage control at sea, known as MARPOL 73/78 Annex V. Clean
Ships, Clean Ports, Clean Oceans explores the challenge of
translating Annex V into workable laws and regulations for all
kinds of ships and boats, from cruise ships to fishing crafts and
recreational boats. The volume examines how existing resources can
be leveraged into a comprehensive strategy for compliance,
including integrated waste management systems and effective
enforcement. Clean Ships, Clean Ports, Clean Oceans describes both
progress toward and obstacles to Annex V compliance. The book
covers: How shipborne garbage orignates and what happens to garbage
discharged into the seas. Effects of discharge on human health,
wildlife safety, and aesthetics. Differences in perspective among
military, industrial, and recreational seafarers and shoreside
facilities. Clean Ships, Clean Ports, Clean Oceans will be
important to marine policymakers, port administrators, ship
operations officers, maritime engineers, and marine ecologists.
Table of Contents Front Matter EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FATES AND EFFECTS
OF MARINE DEBRIS THE VESSEL GARBAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM EDUCATION AND
TRAINING OVERARCHING ISSUES RECOMMENDATIONS FOR GOVERNMENT ACTION
National Leadership Coast Guard National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) Maritime Administration (MARAD) 1 Dimensions
of the Challenge and U.S. Progress INTERNATIONAL AND U.S. MANDATES
PROGRESS IN U.S. IMPLEMENTATION OF ANNEX V U.S. Navy Compliance
State Initiatives Pilot Programs by Community and Environmental
Groups Special Situations: The Gulf of Mexico THE CHALLENGES AHEAD
REFERENCES 2 Sources, Fates, and Effects of Shipborne Garbage
IDENTIFYING VESSEL GARBAGE IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT SOURCES OF
SHIPBORNE GARBAGE Recreational Boats Commercial Fisheries Cargo
Ships Small Public Vessels Offshore Industry Rigs, Platforms, and
Supply Vessels Passenger Cruise Ships Research Vessels General
Observations Implications for Special Areas Implications for
Implementation of Annex V Human Health Problems Ecological Effects
Entanglement of Marine Animals Ingestion of Plastics by Marine
Species SUMMARY REFERENCES 3 Implementation HAZARD EVOLUTION MODEL
Interventions to Remedy the Hazard Technological Innovations
Organizational and Operational Changes Educational Communication
Economic Incentives Application of the Model to the Seafarer
Communities SUMMARY REFERENCES 4 Elements of an Implementation
Strategy INTRODUCTION Intelligence Analysis of Interventions
Intelligence Control Analysis of Interventions Intelligence Control
Analysis of Interventions Intelligence Intelligence Control
Intelligence Control Analysis of Interventions Control Analysis of
Interventions Intelligence Analysis of Interventions Intelligence
Control Analysis of Interventions REFERENCES 5 Integrating Vessel
and Shoreside Garbage Management PRINCIPLES OF INTEGRATED WASTE
MANAGEMENT Source Reduction On-Board Storage Shoreside Recycling
Compactors Comminuters, Pulpers, and Shredders Incinerators
Enhancing Shipboard Technology Development and Use GARBAGE
MANAGEMENT IN PORTS Garbage Management Strategies ENHANCING THE
VESSEL GARBAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Quarantine Requirements Port
Accountability Liability Who Should Pay? SUMMARY REFERENCES 6
Education and Training Public Awareness Campaigns Management
Education and Training EXPERIENCE BASE RELATED TO ANNEX V Marine
Debris Information Offices Efforts Targeting Boaters Port Projects
Efforts Involving Industry Public Awareness Programs Information
Exchange A MODEL ANNEX V EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAM Leadership
Secure Funding SUMMARY REFERENCES THE NEED FOR LEADERSHIP U.S.
ENFORCEMENT OF ANNEX V Clarify Extent of Port State Authorities
Simplify Handling of Civil Cases Track and Punish Repeat Violators
Monitor Garbage Handling Practices Surveillance by Ship Operators
ISSUES RELATED TO SPECIAL AREAS Implementation of Annex V in the
Wider Caribbean SUMMARY REFERENCES 8 Measuring Progress in
Implementation of Annex V RECORD KEEPING AS A MEASURE OF
IMPLEMENTATION Assessing Annex V Implementation Internationally
Surveys of Beach Debris Monitoring Trends in Biological Impacts
Monitoring Plastics in the Marine Environment Benthic Surveys of
Plastic Debris Data Collection and Management REFERENCES 9 National
Strategy IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING STRATEGIES AND TACTICS
Recreational Boats and Their Marinas Commercial Fisheries and Their
Fleet Ports Cargo Ships and Their Itinerary Ports Passenger Day
Boats, Ferries, and Their Terminals Small Public Vessels and Their
Home Ports Offshore Platforms, Rigs, Supply Vessels, and Their
Shore Bases Navy Surface Combatant Vessels and Their Home Ports
Passenger Cruise Ships and Their Itinerary Ports Research Vessels
and Their Ports of Call 10 Federal Action to Improve Implementation
of Annex V SCIENTIFIC MONITORING VESSEL/SHORE INTERFACE ON-BOARD
TECHNOLOGIES ENFORCEMENT EDUCATION AND TRAINING NATIONAL LEADERSHIP
APPENDIXES APPENDIX A Committee on Shipborne Wastes Biographical
Information Regulation 1 Regulation 4 Regulation 5 Regulation 6
Regulation 7 1 Introduction and definitions 2 Training, education
and information 3 Minimizing the amount of potential garbage 4
Shipboard garbage handling and storage procedures 5 Shipboard
equipment for processing garbage 6 Port reception facilities for
garbage 7 Ensuring compliance with Annex V Appendix Form for
reporting alleged inadequacy of port reception facilities for
garbage Revised Guidelines for the Implementation of Annex V of
MARPOL 73/78 1 Scope 2 Definitions 3 Materials and manufacture 4
Operating requirements 5 Operating controls 7 Tests 9 Marking
Minimum information to be provided A2 - Fire protection
requirements for incinerators and waste stowage spaces A4 - Flue
gas temperature Annex APPENDIX C The International Law of the Sea:
Implications for Annex V Implementation COASTAL STATE AUTHORITIES
PORT STATE CONTROL MORE GENERAL OBLIGATIONS STRENGTHENING THE FORCE
OF IMO RULES APPENDIX D Time Line for U.S. Implementation of Annex
V Antarctic Ocean The Baltic Sea Caribbean Sea Gulf of Mexico
Persian Gulf Red Sea REFERENCES ENTANGLEMENT OF MARINE SPECIES
INGESTION OF PLASTICS BY MARINE SPECIES GHOST FISHING REFERENCES
Index
The European zebra mussel in the Great Lakes, a toxic Japanese
dinoflagellate transferred to Australia?such biologically and
economically harmful stowaways have made it imperative to achieve
better management of ballast water in ocean-going vessels. Stemming
the Tide examines the introduction of non-indigenous species
through ballast water discharge. Ballast is any solid or liquid
that is taken aboard ship to achieve more controlled and safer
operation. This expert volume: Assesses current national and
international approaches to the problem and makes recommendations
for U.S. government agencies, the U.S. maritime industry, and the
member states of the International Maritime Organization. Appraises
technologies for controlling the transfer of organisms?biocides,
filtration, heat treatment, and others?with a view toward
developing the most promising methods for shipboard demonstration.
Evaluates methods for monitoring the effectiveness of ballast water
management in removing unwanted organisms. The book addresses the
constraints inherent in ballast water management, notably shipboard
ballast treatment and monitoring. Also, the committee outlines
efforts to set an acceptable level of risk for species introduction
using the techniques of risk analysis. Stemming the Tide will be
important to all stakeholders in the issue of unwanted species
introduction through ballast discharge: policymakers, port
authorities, shippers, ship operators, suppliers to the maritime
industry, marine biologists, marine engineers, and
environmentalists. Table of Contents Front Matter EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1 BALLAST WATER AND NONINDIGENOUS SPECIES 2 BALLAST WATER AND SHIPS
3 MANAGING BALLAST WATER 4 SHIPBOARD TREATMENT OPTIONS 5 MONITORING
6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF
COMMITTEE MEMBERS B COMMITTEE MEETINGS AND ACTIVITIES C EXPLANATION
OF BASIC STABILITY D ALTERNATIVE SHIP DESIGNS E GREAT LAKES
MARITIME INDUSTRY VOLUNTARY BALLAST WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE
CONTROL OF RUFFE IN LAKE SUPERIOR PORTS, 1993 F CANDIDATE SHIPBOARD
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES: SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION G TREATMENT
OPTIONS QUERY H EMERGING MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES GLOSSARY AND
CONVERSIONS INDEX
Contaminated marine sediments threaten ecosystems, marine
resources, and human health. They can have major economic impacts
when controversies over risks and costs of sediment management
interfere with needs to dredge major ports. Contaminated Sediments
in Ports and Waterways examines management and technology issues
and provides guidance that will help officials make timely
decisions and use technologies effectively. The book includes
recommendations with a view toward improving decision making,
developing cost-effective technologies, and promoting the
successful completion of cleanup projects. The volume assesses the
state of practice and research and development status of both
short-term and longer-term remediation methods. The committee
provides a conceptual overview for risk-based contaminated sediment
management that can be used to develop plans that address complex
technological, political, and legal issues and the interests of
various stakeholders. The book emphasizes the need for proper
assessment of conditions at sediment sites and adequate control of
contamination sources. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive
Summary 1 The Challenge 2 Making Better Decisions: A Conceptual
Management Approach 3 Forces Influencing Decision Making 4
Site-Specific Considerations 5 Interim and Long-Term Technologies
and Controls 6 Conclusions and Recommendations Appendix A:
Biographical Sketches of Committee Members Appendix B: Regulatory
Framework for the Management and Remediation of Contaminated Marine
Sediments Appendix C: Case Histories of Representative Remediation
Projects Appendix D: Using Cost-Benefit Analysis in the Management
of Contaminated Sediments Appendix E: Using Decision Analysis in
the Management of Contaminated Sediments Index
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