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The volume begins with what is in common to contemporary
phenomenological historians and historiographers. That is the
understandings that temporality is the core of human judgment
conditioning in its forms how we consciously attend and judge
phenomena. For every phenomenological historian or historiographer,
all history is an event, a span of time. This time span is not
external to the individual, rather forms the content and structure
of every judgment of the person. It is the logic used by the
individual to structure the phenomenon attended. Rather than the
phenomenon being seen as something solely external, it is
understood by phenomenologists as also of our immediate awareness
and thought. Thus, the phenomenological method discerns all
judgment as based upon one's span of attention of inner or outer
phenomena.. There is an intentionality to attention. One intends
one's own foci. Attention is the temporal duration of that
intending. The volume offers a text that enables contemporary
historians, graduate students, and even undergraduates who are well
taught, to understand both the history of phenomenology as a method
of inquiry, and the contemporary practice of phenomenological
historical and historiographical thought.
This translation of Max Adler 's Die Staatsauffassung des Marxismus
introduces English readers to an important and distinctive
perspective on Marx 's theory of the state, formed through Adler 's
experience of the tumultuous interwar period. Adler 's central
target of critique is the notion of the law as the neutral arbiter
of democratic society -- a notion which, Adler contends, collapses
in the face of an adequate understanding of the ruling class in
capitalist society. Beyond providing an important historical survey
of arguments over the nature of law and democracy that were
conducted between the two World Wars, The Marxist Conception of the
State offers contemporary readers a primer for comprehending any
truly democratic future state might entail.
Every nation develops a narrative structure for thinking about
history generated by its own historical experience. In this study,
the German and Austrian German "historias"-the way the narratives
of factual significance are structured as the "story" of the
events-are shown in their sameness from the late 1600s to the
present. Herodotus spoke of "historia" in our evidence of Western
thought, by which he meant both "inquiry" and "story." The "story"
of how the one and the many in the society become differs in each
national culture. While the interpretations of historical reality
among historical thinkers in each period of modernism may differ
within a national culture of a time, the narrative structure is
shared by each thinker of that society, learned in their public and
self-education within the society's normative template. This
"historia" shapes the emphases of how meaning is articulated among
the historians of a society-in this book, Germany and
Austria-regardless of their guiding ideas. The author argues that
these societies can become more open to what has occurred in the
historical thought that guides them if they see the constriction
and oversights generated by the narrative style of their
traditional historia.
Marxism and Phenomenology: The Dialectical Horizons of Critique,
edited by Bryan Smyth and Richard Westerman, offers new
perspectives on the possibility of a philosophical outlook that
combines Marxism and phenomenology in the critique of capitalism.
Although Marxism's focus on impersonal social structures and
phenomenology's concern with lived experience can make these
traditions appear conceptually incompatible, the potential critical
force of a theoretical reconciliation inspired several attempts in
the twentieth century to articulate a phenomenological Marxism.
Updating and extending this approach, the contributors to this
volume identify and develop new and previously overlooked
connections between the traditions, offering new perspectives on
Marx, Husserl, and Heidegger; exploring themes such as alienation,
reification, and ecology; and examining the intersection of Marxism
and phenomenology in figures such as Michel Henry, Walter Benjamin,
and Frantz Fanon. These glimpses of a productive reconciliation of
the respective strengths of phenomenology and Marxism offer
promising possibilities for illuminating and resolving the
increasingly intense social crises of capitalism in the
twenty-first century.
Cognition and Temporality: The Genesis of Historical Thought in
Perception and Reasoning argues that both verbal grammar and
figural grammar have their cognitive basis in twelve characteristic
forms of judgment, distributed among individuals in human
populations throughout history. These twelve logical forms are
context-free and language-free foundations in our attentional
awareness and shape all verbal and figural statements. Moreover,
these types of historical judgment are psychogenetic inheritances
in a population, and each serves a distinct problem-solving
function in the human species. Through analysis of verbal and
figural statements, Mark E. Blum contends, the researcher can find
evidence of these forms of judgment and in turn analyze how the
event to which those statements attend is formally constructed by
that judgment. This construction guides how the event is assessed,
approached, and engaged in the process of problem-solving. Artists
and aestheticians in the early twentieth century-including Wassily
Kandinsky, Stephen C. Pepper, and Andrew Paul Ushenko-have all
posited an inherited attentional perspective in individuals,
manifested in the logical correspondence between their distinctive
verbal and figural grammars. Cognition and Temporality elaborates
these claims, arguing that while the styles of well-known writers
and artists are conditioned by the public styles of a particular
time period, variations in personal style manifest one's inherited
form of judgment and the characteristic grammars that express that
form. Through rigorous visual and stylistic analysis, this book
demonstrates the expression of these forms among notable painters,
historians, and writers across history. The result is a
wide-ranging and provocative contribution to phenomenology,
aesthetic philosophy, and cultural history.
In the brilliant world of Vienna at the turn of the century four
men -- Karl Renner, Otto Bauer, Max Adler, and Friedrich Adler --
sought to develop political and economic resolutions to the racial
and cultural tensions that were beginning to strain the bonds of
the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In this highly original study of these
Austro-Marxists, Mark E. Blum uses the insights of depth psychology
to trace the roots of their political philosophy in their family
and social backgrounds. The Austro-Marxists 1890--1918 is the first
book to offer a systematic examination of the thought and milieu of
these four thinkers. The only major work on the subject in English,
it is a significant contribution to the history of European
socialism and, in particular, to the development of Marxist thought
outside Russia.
Franz Kafka is among the most significant 20th century voices to
examine the absurdity and terror posed for the individual by what
his contemporary Max Weber termed "the iron cage" of society.
Ferdinand Toennies had defined the problem of finding community
within society for Kafka and his peers in his 1887 book
Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft. Kafka took up this issue by focusing
upon the "social discourse" of human relationships. In this book,
Mark E. Blum examines Kafka's three novels, Amerika, The Trial, and
The Castle, in their exploration of how community is formed or
eroded in the interpersonal relations of its protagonists. Critical
literature has recognized Kafka's ability to narrate the gestural
moment of alienation or communion. This "social discourse" was
augmented, however, by a dimension virtually no commentator has
recognized-Kafka's conversation with past and present authors.
Kafka encoded authors and their texts representing every century of
the evolution of modernism and its societal problems, from Bunyan
and Defoe, through Pope and Lessing, to Fontane and Thomas Mann.
The inter-textual conversation Kafka conducted can enable us to
appreciate the profound human problem of realizing community within
society. Cultural historians as well as literary critics will be
enriched by the evidence of these encoded cultural conversations.
Kafka's "Imperial Messenger" may finally be heard in the full
history of his emanations. Kafka encoded not only past authors, but
painters as well. Kafka had been known as a graphic artist in his
youth, and was informed by expressionism and cubism as he matured.
Kafka's encodings of literature as well as fine art are not solely
of the work to which he refers, but the community of authors or
painters and their success or failure of community. Kafka's
encodings were meant as an extra-textual readings for astute
readers, but also as a lesson to his fellow authors whom he held
accountable in his correspondence as cultural messengers.
During the first half of the twentieth century, Austrian socialist
thinkers - chief among them Otto Bauer, Rudolf Hilferding, Karl
Renner, and Max Adler - emerged from and helped transform Austrian
Social Democracy into one of Europe's best organized and most
effective political and social movements. Through its expertly
selected and introduced original documents this wide-ranging volume
offers English readers the most thorough effort to date to provide
a representative sampling of the Austro-Marxists' key theoretical
ideas.
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