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This volume provides an important update to our current
understanding of politics and the internet in a variety of new
contexts, both geographically and institutionally. The subject of
e-democracy has morphed over the years from speculative and
optimistic accounts of a future heightened direct citizen
involvement in political decision-making and an increasingly
withered state apparatus, to more prosaic investigations of party
and governmental website content and micro level analyses of
voters’ online activities. Rather than levelling the
communications and participation playing field, most studies
concluded that existing patterns of bias and power distribution
were being repeated online, with the one exception of a genuine
change in the potential for protest and e-activism. Across all of
these accounts, the question remains whether the internet is a
levelling communication tool that elevates the profile of
marginalised players in the political system, or whether it is a
medium that simply reinforces existing power and participatory
biases. While employing case studies from various global
perspectives, this book investigates the role of digital media and
competitive advantage, campaigns and the effect of social media,
online communication as way of fomenting nonviolent revolutions and
the undeniable and important role of the internet on democracy
around the world.
This volume provides an important update to our current
understanding of politics and the internet in a variety of new
contexts, both geographically and institutionally. The subject of
e-democracy has morphed over the years from speculative and
optimistic accounts of a future heightened direct citizen
involvement in political decision-making and an increasingly
withered state apparatus, to more prosaic investigations of party
and governmental website content and micro level analyses of
voters' online activities. Rather than levelling the communications
and participation playing field, most studies concluded that
existing patterns of bias and power distribution were being
repeated online, with the one exception of a genuine change in the
potential for protest and e-activism. Across all of these accounts,
the question remains whether the internet is a levelling
communication tool that elevates the profile of marginalised
players in the political system, or whether it is a medium that
simply reinforces existing power and participatory biases. While
employing case studies from various global perspectives, this book
investigates the role of digital media and competitive advantage,
campaigns and the effect of social media, online communication as
way of fomenting nonviolent revolutions and the undeniable and
important role of the internet on democracy around the world.
Three Elephants and a Field Mouse Named Harry" is the second of a
series of bed time stories. Using his limited imagination, Mark
Frazier has created the first of a series of bed time stories that
he told to his 3 year old son. "Three Elephants and a Field Mouse
Named Harry" is a story about three hilarious baseball playing
elephants in need of rescue. Read the book to find out how the
Harry, the Field Mouse, saves the elephants. The hilarious
illustrations of Mark's talented brother, Chris, are guaranteed to
make you laugh out loud. With the outstanding artistic talent of
his brother, Mark and Chris have created their second children's
book. Much of the success of this book goes to Chris. He has spent
a great amount of time in perfecting the illustrations for the
story. Mark and Chris hope you enjoy reading this book as much as
they enjoyed creating the book. Enjoy Also, be sure to check out
their first book, "Three Ostriches and an Inchworm Named Henry."
"Three Ostriches and an Inchworm Named Henry" is the first of a
series of bed time stories. Using his limited imagination, Mark
Frazier has created the first of a series of bed time stories that
he told to his 3 year old son. "Three Ostriches and an Inchworm
Named Henry" is a story about three hilarious ostriches in pursuit
of an inchworm. Read the book to find out how the inchworm escapes
from the monstrous ostriches. The hilarious illustrations of Marks
talented brother, Chris, are guaranteed to make you laugh out loud.
With the outstanding artistic talent of his brother, Mark and Chris
have created their first childrens book. Much of the success of
this book goes to Chris. He has spent a great amount of time in
perfecting the illustrations for the story. Mark and Chris hope you
enjoy reading this book as much as they enjoyed creating the book.
Enjoy Be sure to check out their second book, "Three Elephants and
a Field Mouse Named Harry."
Economic conditions are said to affect election outcomes, but past
research has produced unstable and contradictory findings. This
book argues that these problems are caused by the failure to take
account of electoral competition between parties. A research
strategy to correct this problem is designed and applied to
investigate effects of economic conditions on (individual) voter
choices and (aggregate) election outcomes over 42 elections in 15
countries. It shows that economic conditions exert small effects on
individual party preferences, which can have large consequences for
election outcomes. In countries where responsibility for economic
policy is clear, voters vote retrospectively and reward or punish
incumbent parties - although in coalition systems smaller
government parties often gain at the expense of the largest party
when economic conditions deteriorate. Where clarity of
responsibility for economic policy is less clear, voters vote more
prospectively on the basis of expected party policies.
Until the last quarter of the 20th Century, Western party systems
appeared to be frozen and stability was generally taken to be the
central characteristic of individual-level party choice. But during
the 1970s and 1980s, in a spasm of change that appeared to occur in
all countries, this ceased to be true. Voters in Western countries
suddenly demonstrated an unexpected and increasing unpredictability
in their choices between parties, often to the extent of voting for
parties that are quite new to the political scene. Understanding
these fundamental changes became a pressing concern for political
scientists and commentators alike, and a matter of extensive
controversy and debate. In the middle 1980s, an international team
of leading scholars set out to explore the reasons for these shifts
in voting patterns in sixteen western countries: all those of the
(then) European Community (except for Luxembourg and Portugal),
together with Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden and
the United States. In this book they report their findings
regarding the connections between social divisions and party
choice, and the manner in which these links had changed since the
mid-1960s. The authors based their country studies on a common
research design. By doing so, they were able to focus on the
characteristics that the sixteen countries had in common so as to
evaluate the extent to which the changes had a common source. The
passage of time has not dated this book, and in this edition the
original text is augmented by a new Preface that describes the ways
in which the book's findings retain their relevance for
contemporary scholarship, and by an Epilogue in which the main
analyses reported in the book are brought up to date.
Economic conditions are said to affect election outcomes, but past
research has produced unstable and contradictory findings. This
book argues that these problems are caused by the failure to take
account of electoral competition between parties. A research
strategy to correct this problem is designed and applied to
investigate effects of economic conditions on (individual) voter
choices and (aggregate) election outcomes over 42 elections in 15
countries. It shows that economic conditions exert small effects on
individual party preferences, which can have large consequences for
election outcomes. In countries where responsibility for economic
policy is clear, voters vote retrospectively and reward or punish
incumbent parties - although in coalition systems smaller
government parties often gain at the expense of the largest party
when economic conditions deteriorate. Where clarity of
responsibility for economic policy is less clear, voters vote more
prospectively on the basis of expected party policies.
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