Throughout its history, the U.S. military has worked in close connection to market-based institutions and structures. It has run systems of free and unfree labor, taken over private sector firms, and both spurred and snuffed out economic development. It has created new markets-for consumer products, for sex work, and for new technologies. It has operated as a regulator of industries and firms and an arbitrator of labor practices. And in recent decades it has gone so far as to refashion itself from the inside, so as to become more similar to a for-profit corporation. The Military and the Market covers two centuries of history of the U.S. military's vast and varied economic operations, including its often tense relationships with capitalist markets. Collecting new scholarship at the intersection of the fields of military history, business history, policy history, and the history of capitalism, the nine chapters feature important new research on subjects ranging from Civil War soldier-entrepreneurs, to the business of the construction of housing and overseas bases for the Cold War, to the U.S. military's troubled relationships with markets for sex. The volume enriches scholars' understandings of the depth and complexity of military-market relations in U.S. history and offers today's military policymakers novel insights about the origins of current arrangements and how they might be reimagined. Contributors: Jessica L. Adler, Timothy Barker, Patrick Chung, Gretchen Heefner, Jennifer Mittelstadt, A. Junn Murphy, Kara Dixon Vuic, Sarah Jones Weicksel, Mark R. Wilson, Daniel Wirls.

During World War II, the United States helped vanquish the Axis powers by converting its enormous economic capacities into military might. Producing nearly two-thirds of all the munitions used by Allied forces, American industry became what President Franklin D. Roosevelt called "the arsenal of democracy." Crucial in this effort were business leaders. Some of these captains of industry went to Washington to coordinate the mobilization, while others led their companies to churn out weapons. In this way, the private sector won the war-or so the story goes. Based on new research in business and military archives, Destructive Creation shows that the enormous mobilization effort relied not only on the capacities of private companies but also on massive public investment and robust government regulation. This public-private partnership involved plenty of government-business cooperation, but it also generated antagonism in the American business community that had lasting repercussions for American politics. Many business leaders, still engaged in political battles against the New Deal, regarded the wartime government as an overreaching regulator and a threatening rival. In response, they mounted an aggressive campaign that touted the achievements of for-profit firms while dismissing the value of public-sector contributions. This probusiness story about mobilization was a political success, not just during the war, but afterward, as it shaped reconversion policy and the transformation of the American military-industrial complex. Offering a groundbreaking account of the inner workings of the "arsenal of democracy," Destructive Creation also suggests how the struggle to define its heroes and villains has continued to shape economic and political development to the present day.

Assessments, understood as tools for tracking what and how well students have learned, play a critical role in the classroom. Developing Assessments for the Next Generation Science Standards develops an approach to science assessment to meet the vision of science education for the future as it has been elaborated in A Framework for K-12 Science Education (Framework) and Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). These documents are brand new and the changes they call for are barely under way, but the new assessments will be needed as soon as states and districts begin the process of implementing the NGSS and changing their approach to science education. The new Framework and the NGSS are designed to guide educators in significantly altering the way K-12 science is taught. The Framework is aimed at making science education more closely resemble the way scientists actually work and think, and making instruction reflect research on learning that demonstrates the importance of building coherent understandings over time. It structures science education around three dimensions - the practices through which scientists and engineers do their work, the key crosscutting concepts that cut across disciplines, and the core ideas of the disciplines - and argues that they should be interwoven in every aspect of science education, building in sophistication as students progress through grades K-12. Developing Assessments for the Next Generation Science Standards recommends strategies for developing assessments that yield valid measures of student proficiency in science as described in the new Framework. This report reviews recent and current work in science assessment to determine which aspects of the Framework's vision can be assessed with available techniques and what additional research and development will be needed to support an assessment system that fully meets that vision. The report offers a systems approach to science assessment, in which a range of assessment strategies are designed to answer different kinds of questions with appropriate degrees of specificity and provide results that complement one another. Developing Assessments for the Next Generation Science Standards makes the case that a science assessment system that meets the Framework's vision should consist of assessments designed to support classroom instruction, assessments designed to monitor science learning on a broader scale, and indicators designed to track opportunity to learn. New standards for science education make clear that new modes of assessment designed to measure the integrated learning they promote are essential. The recommendations of this report will be key to making sure that the dramatic changes in curriculum and instruction signaled by Framework and the NGSS reduce inequities in science education and raise the level of science education for all students.

During World War II, the United States helped vanquish the Axis powers by converting its enormous economic capacities into military might. Producing nearly two-thirds of all the munitions used by Allied forces, American industry became what President Franklin D. Roosevelt called "the arsenal of democracy." Crucial in this effort were business leaders. Some of these captains of industry went to Washington to coordinate the mobilization, while others led their companies to churn out weapons. In this way, the private sector won the war-or so the story goes. Based on new research in business and military archives, Destructive Creation shows that the enormous mobilization effort relied not only on the capacities of private companies but also on massive public investment and robust government regulation. This public-private partnership involved plenty of government-business cooperation, but it also generated antagonism in the American business community that had lasting repercussions for American politics. Many business leaders, still engaged in political battles against the New Deal, regarded the wartime government as an overreaching regulator and a threatening rival. In response, they mounted an aggressive campaign that touted the achievements of for-profit firms while dismissing the value of public-sector contributions. This probusiness story about mobilization was a political success, not just during the war, but afterward, as it shaped reconversion policy and the transformation of the American military-industrial complex. Offering a groundbreaking account of the inner workings of the "arsenal of democracy," Destructive Creation also suggests how the struggle to define its heroes and villains has continued to shape economic and political development to the present day.

The country's wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, its interventions around the world, and its global military presence make war, the military, and militarism defining features of contemporary American life. The armed services and the wars they fight shape all aspects of life-from the formation of racial and gendered identities to debates over environmental and immigration policy. Warfare and the military are ubiquitous in popular culture. At War offers short, accessible essays addressing the central issues in the new military history-ranging from diplomacy and the history of imperialism to the environmental issues that war raises and the ways that war shapes and is shaped by discourses of identity, to questions of who serves in the U.S. military and why and how U.S. wars have been represented in the media and in popular culture.

This wide-ranging, original account of the politics and economics of the giant military supply project in the North reconstructs an important but little-known part of Civil War history. Drawing on new and extensive research in army and business archives, Mark R. Wilson offers a fresh view of the wartime North and the ways in which its economy worked when the Lincoln administration, with unprecedented military effort, moved to suppress the rebellion. This task of equipping and sustaining Union forces fell to career army procurement officers. Largely free from political partisanship or any formal free-market ideology, they created a mixed military economy with a complex contracting system that they pieced together to meet the experience of civil war. Wilson argues that the North owed its victory to these professional military men and their finely tuned relationships with contractors, public officials, and war workers. Wilson also examines the obstacles military bureaucrats faced, many of which illuminated basic problems of modern political economy: the balance between efficiency and equity, the promotion of competition, and the protection of workers' welfare. The struggle over these problems determined the flow of hundreds of millions of dollars; it also redirected American political and economic development by forcing citizens to grapple with difficult questions about the proper relationships among government, business, and labor. Students of the American Civil War will welcome this fresh study of military-industrial production and procurement on the home front-long an obscure topic.

In response to the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB), Systems for State Science Assessment explores the ideas and tools that are needed to assess science learning at the state level. This book provides a detailed examination of K-12 science assessment: looking specifically at what should be measured and how to measure it. Along with reading and mathematics, the testing of science is a key component of NCLB?it is part of the national effort to establish challenging academic content standards and develop the tools to measure student progress toward higher achievement. The book will be a critical resource for states that are designing and implementing science assessments to meet the 2007-2008 requirements of NCLB. In addition to offering important information for states, Systems for State Science Assessment provides policy makers, local schools, teachers, scientists, and parents with a broad view of the role of testing and assessment in science education. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary 1 Introduction 2 A Systems Approach to Assessment 3 Science Literacy: Implications for Assessment 4 The Centrality of Standards 5 Designing Science Assessment 6 Implementation and Support 7 Issues of Equity and Adequacy 8 Evaluation and Monitoring 9 Supporting the Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of State Science Assessment Systems References Appendix A Practical Tips Appendix B Background Papers Appendix C Biographical Sketches of Committee, Staff, and Working Group Members Index

The chapters in this new volume describe original research concerned with both theory and practice in measurement. The material originated in presentations made at a conference that brings together practicing professionals and theoreticians in diverse areas of measurement and related fields. The first group of papers embody the most important aspect of objective measurement - its application to diverse contexts and purposes. The examples included concentrate on two types of situations: performance assessment and criterion-referenced testing. The specific contexts range from writing assessment, to assessment of the professional development of teachers, to high school physics. The second group of papers are focused on an area of great importance in assessment today: the modeling of raters and judges in an assessment context. The volume concludes with papers that explore the domain of theory in measurement, characterized by an innovative approach to model-building. Even though they are categorized as theory papers, most are based on the complicated and interesting problems that arise in quite specific contexts. As such, they represent some of the most original and exciting developments in the field of measurement today ranging from multidimensional measurement to graph theory and clustering techniques. This volume presents original research concerned with the practice of measurement, and the theory of measurement. The words in the title, objective measurement indicate that the chapters are all related to a particular approach to the philosophy and practice of measurement. By objective measurement, we mean that, in a situation where a certain class of stimuli (for example, items) are used to measure certain individuals. The chapters in this book originated in presentations made at the International Objective Measurement Workshop (IOMW) devoted to exploring the interface between theory and practice in measurement. Based on the complicated and interesting problems that arise in quite specific contexts, they represent some of the most original and exciting developments in the field of measurement today.

The chapters in this new volume describe original research concerned with both theory and practice in measurement. The material originated in presentations made at a conference that brings together practicing professionals and theoreticians in diverse areas of measurement and related fields. The first group of papers embody the most important aspect of objective measurement - its application to diverse contexts and purposes. The examples included concentrate on two types of situations: performance assessment and criterion-referenced testing. The specific contexts range from writing assessment, to assessment of the professional development of teachers, to high school physics. The second group of papers are focused on an area of great importance in assessment today: the modeling of raters and judges in an assessment context. The volume concludes with papers that explore the domain of theory in measurement, characterized by an innovative approach to model-building. Even though they are categorized as theory papers, most are based on the complicated and interesting problems that arise in quite specific contexts. As such, they represent some of the most original and exciting developments in the field of measurement today ranging from multidimensional measurement to graph theory and clustering techniques. This volume presents original research concerned with the practice of measurement, and the theory of measurement. The words in the title, objective measurement indicate that the chapters are all related to a particular approach to the philosophy and practice of measurement. By objective measurement, we mean that, in a situation where a certain class of stimuli (for example, items) are used to measure certain individuals. The chapters in this book originated in presentations made at the International Objective Measurement Workshop (IOMW) devoted to exploring the interface between theory and practice in measurement. Based on the complicated and interesting problems that arise in quite specific contexts, they represent some of the most original and exciting developments in the field of measurement today.

This is the second volume in the series that focuses on the International Objective Measurement Workshops and the work of Georg Rasch. In the area of practice, two major clusters of new work are reported in this volume: a national pilot study of computer-adaptive testing in professional licensure and applications of a type of Rasch model called the Facet Model.

This is the second volume in the series that focuses on the International Objective Measurement Workshops and the work of Georg Rasch. In the area of practice, two major clusters of new work are reported in this volume: a national pilot study of computer-adaptive testing in professional licensure and applications of a type of Rasch model called the Facet Model.

The measurement practice section illustrates the application of objective measurement methods to personality psychology, a sociological study of school environment, personnel management, pain research, motor performance, and curriculum development. It emphasizes practice over theory, showing how measurement practice contributes valuable perspectives on substantive theory. The measurement theory section describes the development of new measurement models that extend objective measurement into learning contexts, rank-ordered data, and multidimensional profiles composed of subtests. These are complemented by a study of the use of objective measurement to examine the construct validity of items, and an exploration of the impact of text anxiety and item order on measurements. The final section examines recent developments in mathematical programming techniques applied to test assembly, parameter estimation and generalizability theory.