High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation of Water, Wastewater and Sludge; C.N. Kurucz, et al.. Introduction. Electron Beam Technology. Aqueous Chemistry of High Energy Electrons. Disinfection of Wastewater Effluents. Irradiation of Toxic Organic Chemical in Aqueous Solutions. Gamma Irradiation Versus Electron Beam Irradiation. XRay Photon Spectroscopy Calculations; J.E. Fernandez, V.G. Molinari. Introduction. Relevant Aspects of Photon Interactions with Matter. Time-Independent Photon Transport Equation. Solution in a Half Space: Multiple Scattering Effects. Multiple Scattering Effects in the Characteristic Lines. Multiple Scattering of the Rayleigh and Compton Effects. Monte Carlo Methods in Advanced Computer Architectures; W.R. Martin. Introduction. Advanced Computer Architectures. Monte Carlo on Advanced Computer Architectures. Monte Carlo on Parallel Architectures. The WienerHermite Functional Method of Representing Random Noise and its Application to Point Reactor Kinetics Driven by Random Reactivity Fluctuations; K. Behringer. The WeinerHermite Functional Method. Application to Point Reactor Kinetics Driven by Random Reactivity Fluctuations. Index.

Some countries have moved beyond the design and operation of nuclear electricity generating systems to confronting the issue of nuclear waste disposal, whole others are still committed to further nuclear facility construction. Volume 24 chronicles these key developments and examines nuclear reactor accidents at Chernobyl, Bhopal, and TMI. The text also analyzes current international knowledge of neutron interactions; deterministic methods based on mean values for assessing radiation distributions; practical applications of the TIBERE models to explicit computation of leakage terms in realistic reactor geometry; and a technique to deal with the issues of finance, risk assessment, and public perception.

Some countries have moved beyond the design and operation of nuclear electricity generating systems to confronting the issue of nuclear waste disposal, whole others are still committed to further nuclear facility construction. Volume 24 chronicles these key developments and examines nuclear reactor accidents at Chernobyl, Bhopal, and TMI. The text also analyzes current international knowledge of neutron interactions; deterministic methods based on mean values for assessing radiation distributions; practical applications of the TIBERE models to explicit computation of leakage terms in realistic reactor geometry; and a technique to deal with the issues of finance, risk assessment, and public perception.

Since its initiation in 1962, this series has presented authoritative reviews of the most important developments in nuclear science and engineering, from both theoretical and applied perspectives. In addition, many original contributions are included.

The present review volume not only covers a wide range of topics pertinent to nuclear science and technology, but has attracted a distinguished international authorship, for which the editors are grateful. The opening review by Drs. Janet Tawn and Richard Wakeford addresses the difficult matter of questioning sci- tific hypotheses in a court of law. The United Kingdom experienced a substantial nuclear accident in the 1950s in the form of the Windscale Pile fire. This in itself had both good and bad consequences; the setting up of a licensing authority to ensure nuclear safety was one, the understandable public sentiment concerning nuclear power (despite the fire occurring in a weapons pile) the other. Windscale today is subsumed in the reprocessing plant at Sellafield operated by British Nuclear Fuels plc and it was inevitable perhaps that when an excess cluster of childhood leukaemia was observed in the nearby village of Seascale that public concern should be promoted by the media, leading to the hearing of a claim of compensation brought on behalf of two of the families of BNFLs workers who had suffered that loss. The review article demonstrates the complexity of und- standing such a claim against the statistical fluctuations inherent and shows how the courts were persuaded of the need to propose a biological mechanism if responsibility were to be held. The Company were undoubtedly relieved by the finding.

The present review volume not only covers a wide range of topics pertinent to nuclear science and technology, but has attracted a distinguished international authorship, for which the editors are grateful. The opening review by Drs. Janet Tawn and Richard Wakeford addresses the difficult matter of questioning sci- tific hypotheses in a court of law. The United Kingdom experienced a substantial nuclear accident in the 1950s in the form of the Windscale Pile fire. This in itself had both good and bad consequences; the setting up of a licensing authority to ensure nuclear safety was one, the understandable public sentiment concerning nuclear power (despite the fire occurring in a weapons pile) the other. Windscale today is subsumed in the reprocessing plant at Sellafield operated by British Nuclear Fuels plc and it was inevitable perhaps that when an excess cluster of childhood leukaemia was observed in the nearby village of Seascale that public concern should be promoted by the media, leading to the hearing of a claim of compensation brought on behalf of two of the families of BNFLs workers who had suffered that loss. The review article demonstrates the complexity of und- standing such a claim against the statistical fluctuations inherent and shows how the courts were persuaded of the need to propose a biological mechanism if responsibility were to be held. The Company were undoubtedly relieved by the finding.

Since its initiation in 1962, this series has presented authoritative reviews of the most important developments in nuclear science and engineering, from both theoretical and applied perspectives. In addition, many original contributions are included.

Some countries have moved beyond the design and operation of nuclear electricity generating systems to confronting the issue of nuclear waste disposal, whole others are still committed to further nuclear facility construction. Volume 24 chronicles these key developments and examines nuclear reactor accidents at Chernobyl, Bhopal, and TMI. The text also analyzes current international knowledge of neutron interactions; deterministic methods based on mean values for assessing radiation distributions; practical applications of the TIBERE models to explicit computation of leakage terms in realistic reactor geometry; and a technique to deal with the issues of finance, risk assessment, and public perception.

The editors have pleasure in presenting this volume of our review series. We have specialised in three areas: perturbation Monte Carlo, non-linear kinetics and the transfer of radioactive fluids in rocks. These contributions are linked, however, in the demands for optimising complex systems that are a feature of the scale of nuclear power production. Kuniharu Kishida's account of Japanese thinking in the application of modern non-linear theory to reactor kinetics and control comes at a time when the community of control scholars is seeking how to apply the new ideas that have led to the prominence of chaos theory to our field. Pr- lems of maintenance in power reactors are as severe as ever and must be solved for credibility to characterise any new program. As much as 30% of unanticipated down-time, for example, is due to the failure of motor op- ated valves. We need a theory to provide for preventive maintenance. This in turn depends heavily on on-line monitoring to anticipate failure as well as expert systems to schedule preventive treatment. Noise theory with its promise of on-line interpretation of information from inchoate breakdown is the key. It is all too likely that the need to deal with major departures makes a non-linear theory of noise essential. We can be grateful that P- fessor Kishida has provided us with such a consistent account.

Dur previous volume 14 was devoted to an exposition of the topics of sensitivity analysis and uncertainty theory with its development and application in nuclear reactor physics at the heart of the discussion. In this volume, we return to our customary format as a selection of topics of current interest, authored by those working in the field. These topics range from the theoretical underpinnings of the (linear) Boltzmann transport equation to a resume of our ex pectations in what still may be thought of as twenty-first century technology, the world's fusion reactor program. In the first article of this volume, we have Protopop escu's analysis of the structure of the Boltzmann equation and its solutions for energy and space-dependent problems of an eigenvalue nature. There long has been a curious "folk history" effect in this area~ Wigner and Weinberg could de scribe it as "what was generally known was generally untrue". This account of the Boltzmann equation surely will show that a rigorous basis for our expectations of certain solutions can be well-founded on analysis. Ely Gelbard's review of the methods of determining diffusion-type parameters in complex geometries where simple diffusion theory would be welcome has required just as much rigor to determine how such modeling can be made accurate, although to a more immediate and practical purpose. The two articles can be seen as interesting contrasts, facets of the same underlying problem showing apparently different aspects of the same central core.

The Editors take pleasure in presenting Volume 13 of this annual review series, consisting, as usual, of author itative reviews of timely developments in the technical fields of nuclear engineering, science, and teechnology. No one in the community we try to serve in a post Harrisburg era will need convincing of the relevance of the first two items to be mentioned from the volume. Instru mentation for two-phase flow measurements, by Banerjee and Lahey, has applicability in the engineering research labor atory and to power reactors; the U. S. LWR still remains the dominant power reactor type and seems likely to retain its hold if only through the capital of existing plants this century. Messrs. Bohm, Closs, and Kuhn, however, have a longer time scale to respect as they view for us the prospects of nuclear waste disposal from a European viewpoint. They bring out nicely the political aspects that cannot be divorced from technical considerations in this area, or in the more militant terms of confrontation, in this arena, perhaps. We are pleased to carry in this volume two complemen tary papers on mathematical methods in nuclear engineering."

The Editors take pleasure in presenting a further vol ume in their Annual Review Series. The present volume con tains six papers that may be said to span from the theory of design to the practice of operation of modern nuclear power stations, therefore concentrating on nuclear energy as a source of electrical power. Starting with the most mathem atical, and proceeding in the direction of technology, we have the Chudley and Brough account of a new interpretation of (linear) Boltzmann transport theory in terms of the characteristic or ray approach. This seems to be new in application here, but of course the method is the child of many classical studies in the solution of partial differen tial equations and proves to remarkably well-suited to modern computers and their numerical bases. We might put the article by Dickson and Doncals on the design of heterogeneous cores next, with its significance for fast reactors of the future. The various "central worth" discrepancies, with their implication for safety and relia bility founded on, inter alia, the Doppler effect, have made this a major area for resolution: to see that we can develop design methods and codes that will reconcile theory and exper, . . . iment to the point at which theoretical designs could be accepted for building without the need for a full-scale mock up, as had to be done in the 1950's for the light water re actors."

The Editors have pleasure in presenting a further volume in the se ries to our international audience. Perhaps the most significant event of the passing year has been the publication by the IAEA of its study of the prob lem of continuing radiation protection in the lands surrounding Chernobyl. The major international project undertaken in 1990 and reported in 1991 is worth reading, not only for its assessment of how radiation protection intervention should be applied de facto in accident conditions, but equally for its account of the modern view of the philosophy of radiation protection. Some would, however, wish to argue that the acknowledgement by Iraq of its three-pronged development of nuclear weapons in conditions of secrecy and antagonism was equally significant and indeed as much a deter minant of the future of peaceful nuclear power as the Chernobyl accident. But it must be clear that the developments of weapons and electricity pro duction are not inescapably bound together; the Iraqi weapons program was not linked to any peaceful power development.

John Maynard Keynes is credited with the aphorism that the long-term view in economics must be taken in the light that "in the long-term we are aU dead". It is not in any spirit of gloom however that we invite our readers of the sixteenth volume in the review series, Advances in Nuclear Science and Technology, to take a long view. The two principal roles of nuclear energy lie in the military sphere - not addressed as such in this serie- in the sphere of the centralised production of power, and chiefly electricity generation. The immediate need for this latter has receded in the current era of restricted economies, vanishing growth rates and occasional surpluses of oil on the spot markets of the world. Nuclear energy has its most important role as an insurance against the hard times to come. But will the demand come at a time when the current reactors with their heavy use of natural uranium feed stocks are to be used or in an era where other aspects of the fuel supply must be exploited? The time scale is sufficiently uncertain and the duration of the demand so unascertainable that a sensible forward policy must anticipate that by the time the major demand comes, the reasonably available natural uranium may have been largely consumed in the poor convertors of the current thermal fission programme.

This volume represents the second of our occasional departures from the format of an annual review series, being devoted to one coherent topic. We have the pleasure therefore in presenting a concerted sequence of articles on the use of Simulators for Nuclear Power. An essential attribute of a quantified engineer in any discipline is to be able to model and predict, i.e. to analyze, the behaviour of the subject under scrutiny. Simulation goes, one would argue, a step further. The engineer providing a simulator takes a broader view of the system studied and makes the analysis available to a wider audience. Hence simulation may have a part to play in design but also in operation, in accident studies and also in training. It leads to synthesis as well as analysis. There is no doubt that the massive scale and the economic investment implied in nuclear power programmes demands an increased infra-structure in licensing and training as well as in design and operation. The simulator is a cheap alter native - admittedly cheap only in relative terms - but also perhaps an essential method of providing realistic experience with negligible or at least small risk. Nuclear power therefore has led to a wide range of simulators. At the same time we would not overlook the sub stantial role played by simulators in say the aero-industry; indeed the ergonomic and psychological studies associated with that industry hold many lessons."

Dieses Fachbuch gibt eine kompakte Übersicht über regenerative Systeme zur Wärme- und Kälteerzeugung. Einbindungs- und Automatisierungsschemata ermöglichen einen schnellen Überblick. Es werden die Grundlagen zum Regelverhalten von Systemen zur regenerativen Energienutzung dargestellt. Praxisbeispiele zeigen anschaulich Standardlösungen zur Einbindung von regenerativen Energiequellen.

Physische Gewalt ist ein haufiges Motiv in der Literatur. Diese Publikation untersucht die wichtigsten Elemente von Gewaltdarstellungen in der Gegenwartsliteratur und ordnet sie im ersten Teil typologisch. Der zweite Teil widmet sich emotionalen Wirkungspotenzialen von Gewaltdarstellungen und untersucht, wie Gewaltdarstellungen Sympathie, Ekel, Spannung und Komik erzeugen. Der dritte Teil identifiziert an vier Beispielromanen wichtige Themen, die mit den Gewaltdarstellungen verbunden werden. Anhand von Elfriede Jelineks Die Klavierspielerin, Cormack McCarthys Blood Meridian, Bret Easton Ellis' American Psycho und Roberto Bolanos 2666 wird gezeigt, dass zeitgenoessische Gewaltdarstellungen die Kritik von Gesellschaftsstrukturen und Kontexten von Gewalt mit Sprachreflexion verbinden.

I contributi raccolti nel volume risalgono alle rispettive comunicazioni presentate nella sezione di linguistica del convegno del Deutscher Italianistenverband, svoltosi dal 20 al 22 marzo 2014 alla Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg e dedicato al tema delle "relazioni". Sullo sfondo dell'idea che alla base del nostro modo di pensare e di parlare stia il concetto della relazionalita, le prospettive storiche e sistematiche di questo concetto sono state concretizzate sul versante delle relazioni linguistiche, che possono presentarsi sotto forma di strutture, rapporti e genealogie. In tal senso sono state discusse, in prospettiva sia sincronica sia diacronica, relazioni linguistiche appartenenti a differenti livelli della descrizione linguistica.

?Habla usted espanol? Auf den Spuren einer Weltsprache. Die Einfuhrung vermittelt die Grundlagen der spanischen Sprachwissenschaft von der Phonetik, Morphologie uber Syntax und Semantik bis zur Text- und Korpuslinguistik. Mit der Vielfalt des Spanischen beschaftigt sich die Varietatenlinguistik: mit den Regionalsprachen auf der iberischen Halbinsel, dem Spanischen in Lateinamerika und in den USA. Der sprachgeschichtliche Teil kummert sich um das Gestern und Heute; es geht unter anderem um die Herausbildung des Spanischen und um Sprachwandelphanomene.

Schluss-, Minimal- und Maximalwerte von Wertpapieren finden sich in Form von Erffnungs-, Hoch-, Tief- und Schlusskursen im Brsenteil nahezu jeder Tages- oder Wochenzeitung. Nicht zuletzt wegen der hervorragenden Verfgbarkeit erfreuen sich diese Kennzahlen, die Informationen der gesamten Preisverlufe aggregieren, groer Beliebtheit. So wird nicht nur die Auszahlung zahlreicher exotischer Optionen vom Hoch-, Tief- und Schlusskurs des betreffenden Underlyings determiniert; Schluss-, Minimal- und Maximalwerte von Preisprozessen werden auch zur Modellschtzung, dabei insbesondere zur Volatilittsschtzung, sowie fr Spezifikationstests eingesetzt. Den Hauptgegenstand dieser Monographie bilden die Entwicklung und Vorstellung effizienter Simulationsverfahren fr Schluss-, Minimal- und Maximalwerte verschiedener populrer zeitstetiger Preisprozesse und die Anpassung dieser Simulationsverfahren fr spezielle Probleme der Monte Carlo-Optionsbewertung. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der Entwicklung von Verfahren, die im Gegensatz zu den bekannten, in der Regel auf quidistanten Prozessdiskretisierungen aufbauenden Standardverfahren einen vorgegebenen maximalen Simulationsfehler einhalten und dennoch mit einem deutlich geringeren Bedarf an Rechenzeit (und gegebenenfalls Speicherplatz) auskommen. Ein Kern der Monographie ist die Entwicklung einer Simulationsmethode fr Schluss-, Minimal- und Maximalwerte Brownscher Bewegungen auf der Basis der entsprechenden trivariaten Verteilung, die auf Sprungdiffusionen und weitere Prozesse mit Komponenten Brownscher Bewegungen bertragen wird. Ein zweiter Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Entwicklung einer entsprechenden Simulationsmethode fr Variance Gamma-Prozesse. Die Simulationsverfahren werden schlielich fr das konkrete Problem der Monte Carlo-Bewertung von zeitstetig beobachteten (Double) Barrier Optionen im Black-Scholes-, Merton-Sprungdiffusions- sowie Variance Gamma-Modell angepasst.