1 Includes information about different species of camels present in Pakistan with their importance in human life 2 Discusses nutrition and feeding of camels, medicinal qualities of camel milk as well as nutritious meat with peculiar immunity-enhancing properties 3 Describes the features that help camels to survive and thrive in deserts and make them animals of the future 4 Covers the range of unique products which can be obtained from camels and their economic value 5 Explores the management, types of diseases in camels, causes of their spread, their control, therapeutic measures for successful and productive farming

A number of biochemistry manuals are commercially available that cover various experimental protocols of biochemistry but these manuals are usually away from the approach of the students due to their high cost. The purpose of this manual is to provide the authentic material to the students in affordable price. Very simple language is used in the manual so it is easy to understand. This manual covers the basic principle, reagents, equipment and protocols for various experiments/techniques commonly used in the biochemistry research. I hope this manual will be very helpful for young researchers. The contributing authors are acknowledged for sharing their knowledge and experiences by writing different chapters.

A number of molecular biology manuals are commercially available that cover various molecular biology protocols but these manuals are far away from the approach of the students due to their high cost and difficult scientific language. The purpose of this manual is to provide the authentic material to the students in affordable price. A very simple language is used in the manual so it is easy to understand. This manual covers the basic principle, reagents, equipment and protocols for various experiments/techniques that are commonly used in the molecular biology research. The manual is an easy way for practical understanding of different aspects of molecular biology. I would like to thank the contributing authors for sparing their time and writing different chapters for this book.

A number of text books are commercially available on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), its types and applications but these books are far away from the approach of the students due to their high cost. The purpose of this book is to provide the authentic material to the students in affordable price. A very simple language is used in the book so easy to understand. This book covers the basic principle, reagents, equipment and methodology of the PCR. Furthermore this book also covers optimization of various parameters for the improvement of the PCR product. Different types of PCR and its applications in various fields have been discussed in detail. This book is an easy way to study the most of aspects of PCR. At the end I am thankful to the contributing authors for sparing their time and writing a chapter on a specific topic for this book.

The domestic water buffalo is a major source of milk, meat, draught, hide and employment to the small farmers in many Asian countries especially Pakistan. The phylogeny and genetic structure of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is still not explored well in Nili, Ravi, Nili-Ravi, Kundi and Azakheli buffalo breeds of Pakistan. The genetic characterization of these breeds were completed using mitochondrial D-loop region and FAO/ISAG recommended microsatellite markers through sequencing and genotyping respectively. A reasonable number of SNPs and Allele variations were identified. The phylogenetic relationships among these breeds as well as with other breeds of the world were constructed using certain Bioinformatics softwares. This revealed very interesting information about phylogeny, history of domestication and origin of water buffalo in Pakistan and added valuable to the AnGR of the region. The work provided the basic data which is very helpful for determining the genetic diversity of buffaloes, breed identification, forensic and paternity tests and designing effective breeding and conservational policies in future.