History of Weak Interactions; T.D. Lee. Physics at LEP; L. Foa. Electroweak Precision Tests; R. Barbieri. Chiral Perturbation Theory; G. Ecker. CP- and T-Violations in the Standard Model; J.M. Gerard. Heavy Flavor Physics; K. Berkelman. Physics at HERA; G. Wolf. Physics with Hadron Colliders; M.J. Shochet. Neutrino Physics; B.C. Barish. Inflation after COBE; M.S. Turner. Oblique Electroweak Parameters and Additional Fermion Generators; G. Bhattacharyya. Electroweak Symmetry Breaking from the Top; N. Evans. Higgs Mass Limits from Electroweak Baryogenesis; S. Myint. Carbon 60; T.D. Lee. Index.

The 1996 Carg se Summer Institute on Frontiers in Particle Physics was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (M. Levy), the Ecole Nonnale SupCrieure, Paris (J. lliopoulos), the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (R. Gastmans), and the Universite Catholique de Louvain (J.-M. Gerard), which, since 1975, have joined their efforts and worked in common. It was the twelfth Sunnner Institute on High Energy Physics organized jointly at Carg se by three of these universities. The Standard Model for fundamental interactions is constructed on two essential ingredients: the gauge symmetry and the mass generation mechanism. Now that the gauge theory aspect has been finnly established, the new challenge for the young researchers in elementary particle physics is the understanding of the origin of the masses. The standard Higgs mechanism is believed to be responsible for generating the masses of ALL fundamental particles. Professor D. Treille discussed the prospects for Higgs boson search and described the experimental determinations of the gauge boson masses. The influence of the top quark mass on electroweak processes has been emphasized by Professor J.L. Rosner, while Professor M. Neubert introduced the heavy-quark effective theory which allows you to get rid of heavy-quark masses. The theoretical determinations of the light quark masses have been critically analyzed by Professor H. Leutwyler. Professor A. Pich presented the various experimental tests on lepton universality and Professor R.L. MBssbauer reviewed our present knowledge on the neutrino masses."

The 1990 Cargese Summer Institute on ZO-Physics was organized by the Univer- site Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (M. Levy and J.-L. Basdevant), CERN (M. Jacob), the Universite Catholique de Louvain (D. Speiser and J. Weyers), and the Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven (R. Gastmans), which, since 1975, have joined their efforts and worked in common. It was the ninth Summer Institute on High Energy Physics orga- nized jointly at Cargese by these three universities. Because of the start-up of LEP in the summer of 1989, we broke with our tradition of having our Summer Institutes in the odd years. Indeed, it seemed to us that the many new data from LEP had to be presented in detail as soon as possible in order to prepare the young researchers in particle physics better for the experimental results with which they will be confronted in the coming years. The main theme of the school was therefore ZO-physics, with particular emphasis on the way the experiments at LEP are analyzed. We had one lecturer from each LEP experiment: they agreed among each other to present different topics in e+e- physics. Nevertheless, they made sure that all the major topics were discussed and that the results could be critically compared.

The 1981Cargese Summer Institute on Fundamental Interactions was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (M. LEVY and J.-L. BASDEVANT), CERN (M. JACOB), the Universite Catholique de Louvain (D. SPEISER and J. WEYERS), and the Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven (R. GASTMANS), which, like in 1975, 1977 and 1979, had joined their efforts and worked in common. It was the 22nd Summer Institute held at Cargese and the 6th one organized by the two institutes of theoretical physics at Leuven and Louvain-la-Neuve. This time, while the last school was dominated by the impres- sive advances which were made in the field of perturbative quantum chromodynamics and its applications to high energy phenomena invol- ving strongly interacting particles, the 1981 school clearly reflected a period of transition, where the new insights gained by experiment and theory are digested and put in order. Place of pride among the experiments belonged this time to DESY. On the theore- tical side the reader will find a more thorough interpretation and understanding of the experiments as well as approaches to new theories. Finally several talks were devoted to experiments of the future. We owe many thanks to all those who have made this Summer Institute possible! Thanks are due to the Scientific Committee of NATO and its President for a generous grant and especially to the head of the Advanced Study Institute Program, Dr. R. Chabbal and his collabora- tors for their constant help and encouragements.

Originally published in 1984, this volume examines the consequences of increasing energy prices on agricultural production. It discusses whether it is possible to use agriculture to produce energy without endangering the food supply for the highly populated areas of the devloping world. Analyzing the global consquences of the 'food energy nexus' at the turn of the millenium it asks whether there will be a good crisis in those same developing countries which have suffered from the energy crisis. The editors and contributors are high-level specialists of global modelling in energy and agriculture and decision makers involved in food and agriculture planning in the developing world.

Originally published in 1984, this volume examines the consequences of increasing energy prices on agricultural production. It discusses whether it is possible to use agriculture to produce energy without endangering the food supply for the highly populated areas of the devloping world. Analyzing the global consquences of the 'food energy nexus' at the turn of the millenium it asks whether there will be a good crisis in those same developing countries which have suffered from the energy crisis. The editors and contributors are high-level specialists of global modelling in energy and agriculture and decision makers involved in food and agriculture planning in the developing world.

The 1990 Cargese Summer Institute on ZO-Physics was organized by the Univer- site Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (M. Levy and J.-L. Basdevant), CERN (M. Jacob), the Universite Catholique de Louvain (D. Speiser and J. Weyers), and the Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven (R. Gastmans), which, since 1975, have joined their efforts and worked in common. It was the ninth Summer Institute on High Energy Physics orga- nized jointly at Cargese by these three universities. Because of the start-up of LEP in the summer of 1989, we broke with our tradition of having our Summer Institutes in the odd years. Indeed, it seemed to us that the many new data from LEP had to be presented in detail as soon as possible in order to prepare the young researchers in particle physics better for the experimental results with which they will be confronted in the coming years. The main theme of the school was therefore ZO-physics, with particular emphasis on the way the experiments at LEP are analyzed. We had one lecturer from each LEP experiment: they agreed among each other to present different topics in e+e- physics. Nevertheless, they made sure that all the major topics were discussed and that the results could be critically compared.

The 1996 Carg se Summer Institute on Frontiers in Particle Physics was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (M. Levy), the Ecole Nonnale SupCrieure, Paris (J. lliopoulos), the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (R. Gastmans), and the Universite Catholique de Louvain (J.-M. Gerard), which, since 1975, have joined their efforts and worked in common. It was the twelfth Sunnner Institute on High Energy Physics organized jointly at Carg se by three of these universities. The Standard Model for fundamental interactions is constructed on two essential ingredients: the gauge symmetry and the mass generation mechanism. Now that the gauge theory aspect has been finnly established, the new challenge for the young researchers in elementary particle physics is the understanding of the origin of the masses. The standard Higgs mechanism is believed to be responsible for generating the masses of ALL fundamental particles. Professor D. Treille discussed the prospects for Higgs boson search and described the experimental determinations of the gauge boson masses. The influence of the top quark mass on electroweak processes has been emphasized by Professor J.L. Rosner, while Professor M. Neubert introduced the heavy-quark effective theory which allows you to get rid of heavy-quark masses. The theoretical determinations of the light quark masses have been critically analyzed by Professor H. Leutwyler. Professor A. Pich presented the various experimental tests on lepton universality and Professor R.L. MBssbauer reviewed our present knowledge on the neutrino masses."

The Cargese Summer Institute 1B75 on Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions at High Energies was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie (M. LEVY et J. L. BASDEVANT), the Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven (R. GASTMANS) and the Universite Catholique de Louvain (D. SPEISER et J. WEYERS) who made in 1973 the first contacts with some lecturers, who, on the advice of NATO, joined th their efforts and worked in common. It was the 16 Summer Insti- rd tute held at Cargese and the 3 one organized by the two depart- ments of Theoretical Physics at Leuven and Louvain-Ia-Neuve. When the two groups decided (independently) on the subject of the school, they could not know how lucky their choice eventually would turn out to be : rarely has it been possible ~o present an audience with such a great number of new and decisive discoveries who are likely to stimulate the imagination of theoreticians and the research projects of experimentalists alike. Such were the decisive confirmation of the neutral currents, the di-muon events, the slowly decaying new particles, etc. The organizers were grate- ful indeed that they could find physicists from almost all great centers of high energy physics who had themselves participated in these discoveries. Although the theorists could not match during the last two years the spectacular success of their experimental colleagues, there has been enough important programs, especially in field theory : renormalization of gauge theories, the Brout- Englert-Higgs mechanism, etc...

The 1981 Cargese Summer Institute on Fundamental Interactions was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (M. LEVY and J-L. BASDEVANT), CERN (M. JACOB), the Universite Catholique de Louvain (D. SPEISER and J. WEYERS), and the Kotholieke Universiteit te Leuven (R. GASTMANS), which, since 1975 have joined their efforts and worked in common. It was the 24th Summer Institute held at Cargese and the 8th one organized by the two institutes of theoretical physics at Leuven and Louvain-Ia-Neuve. The 1985 school was centered around two main themes : the standard model of the fundamental interactions (and beyond) and astrophysics. The remarkable advances in the theoretical understanding and experimental confirmation of the standard model were reviewed in several lectures where the reader will find a thorough analysis of recent experiments as well as a detailed comparaison of the standard model with experiment. On a more theoretical side, supersymmetry, supergravity and strings were discussed as well. The second theme concerns astrophysics where the school was quite successful in bridging the gap between this fascinating subject and more conventional particle physics. We owe many thanks to all those who have made this Summer Institute possible ! Thanks are due to the Scientific Committee of NATO and its President and to the "Region Corse" for a generous grant. .. We wish to thank Miss M-F. HANSELER, Mrs ALRIFRAI, Mr and Mrs ARIANO, and Mr BERNIA and all others from Paris, Leuven, Louvain-la-Neuve and especially Cargese for their collaboration.

The 1979 Cargese Summer Institute on Quarks and Leptons was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (M. LEVY and J.-L. BASDEVANT), CERN (M. JACOB), the Universite Catholi~ue de Louvain (D. SPEISER and J. WEYERS), and the Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven (R. GASTMANS), who, like in 1975 and 1977, had joined their efforts and worked in common. It was the 20th Summer Institute held at Cargese and the 5th one organized by the two institutes of theoretical physics at Leuven and Louvain-la- Neuve. This time, the school was dominated by the impressive advances which were made in the field of perturbative ~uantum chromodyna- mics and its applications to high energy phenomena involving strongly interacting particles. The unification of weak and electromagnetic interactions being well established, a new picture in particle physics emerges wherein a possible unification of weak, electromagnetic, and strong forces is put forward. Its conse~uences were also discussed in detail. Finally, to complete the picture of the present status of high energy physics, experi- mentalists from the major laboratories around the world reported on the latest developments in electron-positron scattering, neutrino induced reactions, and hadron collisions. We owe many thanks to all those who have made this Summer Institute possible! Thanks are due to the Scientific Committee of NATO and its President for a generous grant and especially to the head of the Scientific Affairs Division, Dr. M. DI LULLO for his constant help and encouragements.

The 1983 Cargese Summer Institute on Particles and Fields was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (M. LEVY and J.-L. BASDEVANT), C.E.R.N. (M. JACOB), the Universite Catholique de Louvain (D. SPEISER and J. WEYERS), and the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (R. GASTMANS). After 1975, 1977, 1979, and 1981, it was the fifth time they joined their efforts for organizing this Summer Insti- tute. This school was characterized by simultaneous progress in the theory of elementary particles and by impressive experimental advances. On the theoretical front, one witnessed the new developments in lattice gauge theories, which explore the world of strongly interacting par- ticles in a non-perturbative way, and progress in a better understan- ding of the unity of all interactions based on supersymmetry. The experimentalists were ~roud to announce the discovery of the interme- diate vector bosons; W- and ZO, at C.E.R.N., while physicists working with e+e- colliding beams continued to probe more deeply the validity of the theoretical models of strong, weak and electromagnetic inter- actions. We owe many thanks to all those who have made this Summer Insti- tute possible! Thanks are due to the Scientific Committee of NATO and its Presi- dent for a generous grant and especially to the head of the Advanced Study Institute Program and his collaborators for their constant help and encouragement. We also thank the National Science Foundation (USA) for their financial assistance.

The Cargese Summer Institute 1975 on Weak and EZeotromagnetio Interaotions at High Energies was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie (M. LEVY et J. L. BASDEVANT)~ the KathoZieke Universiteit te Leuven (R. GASTMANS) and the Universite CathoZique de Louvain (D. SPEISER~ J. WEYERS) who made in 1973 the first oon- taots with some Zeoturers~ who~ on the advioe of NATO joined their efforts and worked in oommon. It was the 16th Summer Institute rd heZd at Cargese and the 3 one organized by the two departments of TheoreticaZ Physios at Leuven and Louvain-Za-Neuve. When the two groups decided (independentZy) on the subjeot of the sohooZ~ they oouZd not know how Zuoky their ohoioe eventuaZZy wouZd turn out to be : rareZy has it being possibZe to present an audienoe with suoh a great number of new and deoisive disooveries who are Zikely to stimuZate the imagination of theoreticians and the researoh projeots of experimentaZists aZike. Suoh were the decisive oonfirmation of the neutraZ ourrents~ the di-muon events~ the sZowZy deoaying new partioZes~ eto. The organizers were grate- JUZ indeed that they oouZd find physioists from aZmost alZ great oenters of high energy physios Who had themseZves participated in these disooveries. AZthough the theorists oouZd not matoh during the Zast two years the speotaouZar suooess of their experimentaZ ooZZeagues~ there has been enough important program~ especiaZZy in fieZd theory : renormaZization of gauge theories~ the mechanism disoovered by R. BROUT et aZ. ~ eto.

The 1992 Cargese Summer Institute on Quantitative Particle Physics was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (M. Levy and J. -L. Basdevant), CERN (M. Jacob), the Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris (J. Diopoulos), the Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven (R. Gastmans) and the Universite Catholique de Louvain (J-M. Gerard), which, since 1975, have joined their efforts and worked in common. It was the tenth Summer Institute on High Energy Physics organized jointly at Cargese by these three universities. The 1992 School centered on quantitative tests of the Standard Model for electroweak and strong interactions. First, Professor T. D. Lee reviewed the fascinating history of weak interactions. Professor R. Barbieri then discussed the implications of the of LEP presented by Professor Foil. . Professor G. Ecker latest experimental results described in detail the interplay between electroweak and strong interactions at low energy. Professors K. Berkelman and J-M. Gerard stressed the necessity to study the effects of CP-violation in both B-and K-physics. The first results of the HERA machine were presented by Professor G. Wolf, while Professor M. Shochet reviewed heavy flavor physics in hadron collider experiments. Recent non-accelerator experiments in neutrino physics were presented by Professor B. Barish. Finally, Professor M. Turner reviewed Cosmology after COBE. We owe many thanks to all those who have made this Summer Institute possible! Special thanks are due to the Scientific Committee of NATO and its President for a generous grant.

The modernisation of the French economy in the nineteenth century raises a difficult question for the historian. The country experienced definite advances but also a long period of stagnation that for a while threatened its competitiveness and capacity to expand. The alternation of advances and setbacks is sometimes attributed to the effects of long-run cycles or to political events. Although these factors play a significant role in this study, the objective is to examine whether the French performance followed a fundamental pattern at a macro-economic level and, specifically, whether it was determined by collective behaviour that made adaptation to the constraints of technical progress and international competition more difficult and slower. The work is divided into two complementary parts. The first is historical and reviews the stages of French growth and the main hypotheses that explain this development. The second uses econometric analysis to test the validity of the mechanisms proposed and, by modelling the economy, examines its evolving structure and dynamics with greater precision. The statistical series that form the basis of this study are collected in the appendix for easy reference.

The 1984 Cargese Advanced Study Institute was devoted to the study of nuclear heavy ion collisions at medium and ultrarelativis tic energies. The origin of this meeting goes back to 1982 when the organizers met at the GANIL laboratory in Caen, France which had just started accelerating argon ions at 44 MeV per nucleon. We then realized that 1984 should be the appropriate time to review the first results obtained with such new kinds of facilities. The material contained in this volume, presenting many beautiful re sults on nuclei at high excitation, fully confirms this point. Many stimulating exchanges between experts in rather diffe rent fields already took place during the school and we hope that this cross fertilization will lead to further developments. About half of the present volume is also devoted to the field of relativistic heavy ion collisions, which is now expanding rapidly. As an illustration, let us recall that the construction of a 30 on 30 GeV per nucleon collider at Brookhaven has been recognized last year as one cf the major priorities by the US Nuclear Science Advisory Committee. We would like to express our gratitude to NATO for its ge nerous financial support which made this institute possible. We also wish to thank the Institut de Physique Nucleaire et de Physique des Particules (France), the Commissariat a l'energie atomique (France) and The National Science Foundation (USA) for the attribution of travel grants."

The 1989 Cargese Summer Institute on Particle Physics was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (M. Levy and J.-L. Basdevant), CERN (M. Jacob), the Universite Catholique de Louvain (D. Speiser and J. Weyers) and the Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven (R. Gastmans), which, since 1975, have joined their efforts and worked in common. It was the twenty-sixth Summer Institute held at Cargese and the tenth organized by the two Institutes of Theoretical Physics at Leuven and Louvain-la-Neuve. The 1989 school centered on the following topics - new experimental results - strings, superstrings and conformal field theory - lattice approximations. Of the many new experimental results, we would like to mention especially those from SLAC presented by Professor G. Feldman. On the other hand, we had the tantalizing knowledge that LEP would begin to operate only right after the end of the school! For this we received ample replacement: Professor J. Steinberger summed up all major CP violation experiments done to date and commented upon them. The reader will find also various other most interesting contributions, for instance on high energy ion beams. Once more theoreticians and experimentalists (this time more than usual) came together to discuss high energy particle physics.

The 1981Cargese Summer Institute on Fundamental Interactions was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (M. LEVY and J.-L. BASDEVANT), CERN (M. JACOB), the Universite Catholique de Louvain (D. SPEISER and J. WEYERS), and the Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven (R. GASTMANS), which, like in 1975, 1977 and 1979, had joined their efforts and worked in common. It was the 22nd Summer Institute held at Cargese and the 6th one organized by the two institutes of theoretical physics at Leuven and Louvain-la-Neuve. This time, while the last school was dominated by the impres- sive advances which were made in the field of perturbative quantum chromodynamics and its applications to high energy phenomena invol- ving strongly interacting particles, the 1981 school clearly reflected a period of transition, where the new insights gained by experiment and theory are digested and put in order. Place of pride among the experiments belonged this time to DESY. On the theore- tical side the reader will find a more thorough interpretation and understanding of the experiments as well as approaches to new theories. Finally several talks were devoted to experiments of the future. We owe many thanks to all those who have made this Summer Institute possible! Thanks are due to the Scientific Committee of NATO and its President for a generous grant and especially to the head of the Advanced Study Institute Program, Dr. R. Chabbal and his collabora- tors for their constant help and encouragements.

The theory of General Relativity, after its invention by Albert Einstein, remained for many years a monument of mathemati cal speculation, striking in its ambition and its formal beauty, but quite separated from the main stream of modern Physics, which had centered, after the early twenties, on quantum mechanics and its applications. In the last ten or fifteen years, however, the situation has changed radically. First, a great deal of significant exper en tal data became available. Then important contributions were made to the incorporation of general relativity into the framework of quantum theory. Finally, in the last three years, exciting devel opments took place which have placed general relativity, and all the concepts behind it, at the center of our understanding of par ticle physics and quantum field theory. Firstly, this is due to the fact that general relativity is really the "original non-abe lian gauge theory," and that our description of quantum field in teractions makes extensive use of the concept of gauge invariance. Secondly, the ideas of supersymmetry have enabled theoreticians to combine gravity with other elementary particle interactions, and to construct what is perhaps the first approach to a more finite quantum theory of gravitation, which is known as super gravity."

The 1987 Cargese Summer Institute on Partiele Physies was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (M. LEVY and J.-L. BASDEVANT), CERN (M. JACOB), the Universite Catholique de Louvain (D. SPEISER and J. WEYERS), and the Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven (R. GASTHANS), whieh, sinee 1975, have joined their efforts and worked in eommon. It was the 25th summer institute held at Cargese and the ninth one organized by the two institutes of theoretieal physics at Leuven and Louvain-la-Neuve. The 1987 school was centered around two main themes: the re cent developments in string theory and the physics of high energy colliders. As the standard model of the fundamental interaetions has repeatedly proved to be suecessful in explaining the experimental findings in par- tiele physies, more attention was given in this school to possible new features arising from string inspired models. This led us to inelude in the program aseries of lectures devoted to string theory per se. They eovered the more mathematical aspects of the theory as weIl as the phenomenological implications. The second theme concerns high energy collider physics and was meant to prepare young physicists for the future experimental results to be expected from the pp and e+e- colliders. It brought theorists and ex- perimentalists actively together in their search for a better understand- ing of the high energy phenomena.

In this sequel to Multinational Enterprise in Historical Perspective (1986) the same editorial team continues the historical explanation of a vital but often misconstrued commercial phenomenon. The contributory essays, each written by an authority in the field and based on original historical research, raise further theoretical questions on the idea of the firm, on periodization, and on research and development, and examine the international financial operations of worldwide corporate business. The discussion is extended to include the production of mass consumer goods and the regions of China, Japan, and Latin America.

This 1989 book is the sequel to Multinational Enterprise in Historical Perspective (1986), in which the same editorial team continues the historical exploration of a vital but often misconstrued commercial phenomenon. The contributory essays, each written by an authority in the field, raise further questions on the idea of the firm, on periodisation and on research and development, and examine the international financial operations of worldwide corporate business. With the aid of trans-industrial and transnational comparisons, the range of policies pursued by business and government is fully discussed. Above all, this discussion is extended to include the production of mass-consumer goods and the areas of China, Japan and Latin America. All the contributions are based on original historical research undertaken in national and private bank and business archives in Europe, the USA and Japan. In their critical assessments and interpretations the authors are also able to combine economic theory with history.

This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. ++++ The below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as an additional tool in helping to ensure edition identification: ++++ ... The Soul Kiss: With The World's Greatest Dancer "Genee." Maurice Levi, Harry Bache Smith M. Witmark -, 1907 Music; Genres & Styles; Musicals; Music / Genres & Styles / Musicals; Musicals