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Geographic information systems have developed rapidly in the past
decade, and are now a major class of software, with applications
that include infrastructure maintenance, resource management,
agriculture, Earth science, and planning. But a lack of standards
has led to a general inability for one GIS to interoperate with
another. It is difficult for one GIS to share data with another, or
for people trained on one system to adapt easily to the commands
and user interface of another. Failure to interoperate is a problem
at many levels, ranging from the purely technical to the semantic
and the institutional. Interoperating Geographic Information
Systems is about efforts to improve the ability of GISs to
interoperate, and has been assembled through a collaboration
between academic researchers and the software vendor community
under the auspices of the US National Center for Geographic
Information and Analysis and the Open GIS Consortium Inc. It
includes chapters on the basic principles and the various
conceptual frameworks that the research community has developed to
think about the problem. Other chapters review a wide range of
applications and the experiences of the authors in trying to
achieve interoperability at a practical level. Interoperability
opens enormous potential for new ways of using GIS and new
mechanisms for exchanging data, and these are covered in chapters
on information marketplaces, with special reference to geographic
information. Institutional arrangements are also likely to be
profoundly affected by the trend towards interoperable systems, and
nowhere is the impact of interoperability more likely to cause
fundamental change than in education, as educators address the
needs of a new generation of GIS users with access to a new
generation of tools. The book concludes with a series of chapters
on education and institutional change. Interoperating Geographic
Information Systems is suitable as a secondary text for graduate
level courses in computer science, geography, spatial databases,
and interoperability and as a reference for researchers and
practitioners in industry, commerce and government.
A significant part of understanding how people use geographic
information and technology concerns human cognition. This book
provides the first comprehensive in-depth examination of the
cognitive aspects of human-computer interaction for geographic
information systems (GIS). Cognitive aspects are treated in
relation to individual, group, behavioral, institutional, and
cultural perspectives. Extensions of GIS in the form of spatial
decision support systems and SDSS for groups are part of the
geographic information technology considered. Audience: Geographic
information users, systems analysts and system designers,
researchers in human-computer interaction will find this book an
information resource for understanding cognitive aspects of
geographic information technology use, and the methods appropriate
for examining this use.
This section gives a description of notions used throughout this
study. Current achievements in developing action-centered
ontologies are also discussed. 2.1 Ontologies In the context of
information extraction and retrieval, different kinds of ontologies
can be distinguished [15]: * Top-level ontologies describe very
general concepts like space and time, not depending on a particular
domain, * Domain ontologies and task ontologies describe the
vocabulary related to a generic domain or kind of task, detailing
the terms used in the top-level ontology, * Application ontologies
describe the concepts that depend on the particular domain and task
within a specific activity. Several investigations have been
conducted to bring actions (tasks) to bear on - tologies. Among
them are Chandrasekaran et al. [6] and Mizoguchi et al. [23] in the
fields of AI and Knowledge Engineering. For the geospatial domain,
Kuhn [21] and Raubal and Kuhn [26] have attempted to support human
actions in ontologies for transportation. Acknowledging the
importance of human actions in the geographic domain, a research
workshop was held in 2002, bringing together experts from diff- ent
disciplines to share the knowledge and work on this issue [1].
Camara [5], one of the workshop participants, has proposed that
action-driven spatial ontologies are formed via category theory,
for the case of emergency action plans.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Second International Conference on Geographic Information Science, GIScience 2002, held in Boulder, Colorado, USA in September 2002.The 24 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 64 paper submissions. Among the topics addressed are Voronoi diagram representation, geospacial database design, vector data transmission, geographic information retrieval, geo-ontologies, relative motion analysis, Web-based maps information retrieval, spatial pattern recognition, environmental decision support systems, multi-scale spatial databases, mobile journey planning, searching geographical data, indexing, terrain modeling, spatial allocation, distributed geographic internet information systems, and spatio-thematic information programming.
Geographic information systems have developed rapidly in the past
decade, and are now a major class of software, with applications
that include infrastructure maintenance, resource management,
agriculture, Earth science, and planning. But a lack of standards
has led to a general inability for one GIS to interoperate with
another. It is difficult for one GIS to share data with another, or
for people trained on one system to adapt easily to the commands
and user interface of another. Failure to interoperate is a problem
at many levels, ranging from the purely technical to the semantic
and the institutional. Interoperating Geographic Information
Systems is about efforts to improve the ability of GISs to
interoperate, and has been assembled through a collaboration
between academic researchers and the software vendor community
under the auspices of the US National Center for Geographic
Information and Analysis and the Open GIS Consortium Inc. It
includes chapters on the basic principles and the various
conceptual frameworks that the research community has developed to
think about the problem. Other chapters review a wide range of
applications and the experiences of the authors in trying to
achieve interoperability at a practical level. Interoperability
opens enormous potential for new ways of using GIS and new
mechanisms for exchanging data, and these are covered in chapters
on information marketplaces, with special reference to geographic
information. Institutional arrangements are also likely to be
profoundly affected by the trend towards interoperable systems, and
nowhere is the impact of interoperability more likely to cause
fundamental change than in education, as educators address the
needs of a new generation of GIS users with access to a new
generation of tools. The book concludes with a series of chapters
on education and institutional change. Interoperating Geographic
Information Systems is suitable as a secondary text for graduate
level courses in computer science, geography, spatial databases,
and interoperability and as a reference for researchers and
practitioners in industry, commerce and government.
A significant part of understanding how people use geographic
information and technology concerns human cognition. This book
provides the first comprehensive in-depth examination of the
cognitive aspects of human-computer interaction for geographic
information systems (GIS). Cognitive aspects are treated in
relation to individual, group, behavioral, institutional, and
cultural perspectives. Extensions of GIS in the form of spatial
decision support systems and SDSS for groups are part of the
geographic information technology considered. Audience: Geographic
information users, systems analysts and system designers,
researchers in human-computer interaction will find this book an
information resource for understanding cognitive aspects of
geographic information technology use, and the methods appropriate
for examining this use.
This book presents the proceedings of the 4th International
Symposium on large Spatial Databases, SSD '95, held in Portland,
Maine, USA in August 1995.
The 23 refereed full papers presented were selected from more than
60 submissions and describe the state-of-the-art in the expanding
field of large spatial databases, with a certain emphasis on an
upcoming new generation of spatial database management systems. The
volume is organized in sections on spatial data models, spatial
data mining, spatial query processing, multiple representations,
open GIS, geo-algorithms, reasoning about spatial relations,
spatial joins, and benchmarks.
In an effort to further investigation into critical development
facets of geographic information systems (GIS), this book explores
the reasoning processes that apply to geographic space and time. As
a result of an iniative sponsored by the National Center for
Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA), it treats the
computational, cognitive and social science applications aspects of
spatial and temporal reasoning in GIS. Essays were contributed by
scholars from a broad spectrum of disciplines including: geography,
cartography, surveying and engineering, computer science,
mathematics and environmental and cognitive psychology.
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