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This edited volume investigates how refugee communities in the
Middle East have adapted to secure their livelihoods within the
informal economy. Focusing on Lebanon and Jordan, which between
2011 and 2020 received more refugees as a proportion of their
population than any other countries in the world, this edited
volume investigates the informal mechanisms that Syrian refugees
have adopted to fit into the informal economies of Lebanon and
Jordan in the face of significant challenges and barriers. The
volume investigates how legality, temporality, connectedness,
gender, and geography, among other factors, have influenced the
emergence of refugee communities’ informal adaptive mechanisms.
Drawing on in-depth, original research among Syrian refugee tribal
communities, agricultural workers, female-headed households, and
micro-entrepreneurs, the volume provides tangible policy and
practice recommendations to help to improve the situation of
refugees and vulnerable populations that are employed in the
informal economy. Highlighting the resilience and agency
demonstrated by refugees, this edited volume’s original
community-based analysis will be of interest to students,
researchers, and professionals from across Middle East studies,
refugee studies, informal labor economics, and development studies.
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Maysa Sarkis
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In Egypt, sesame is considering a food crop rather than oilseed
crops because most of its seeds consumed directly. It is grown in
many Governorates, and ranks first among the cultivated oil crops
in Ismailia Gov. Co-evolution of flowering plants and their
pollinators started about 225 million years ago. Insufficient
number of suitable pollinators causes decline in fruit and seed
production. Of the total pollination activities, over 80% is
performed by insects and bees contribute nearly 80% of the total
insect pollination, and therefore, they are considered the best
pollinators. Sesame's blossom structure facilitates
cross-pollination, even though the crop is usually viewed as
self-pollinating. The rate of cross-pollination lies between 0.5%
and 65% depending on insect activity, environmental conditions and
availability of other vegetation. The cross pollination rates were
between 2.7 and 51.7% in Nigeria. Both open pollination and bee
pollination treatments were effective to increase the seed yield of
sesame upto 22 to 33 percent more than that in "pollination without
insects."
Asthma is a chronic illness involving the respiratory system in
which the airway constricts, becomes inflamed, and is lined with
excessive amounts of mucous, often in response to one or more
trigger. It is becoming increasingly evident that the cause of the
changes in asthma are multifactorial, including contribution from
allergen exposure, hygiene and lifestyle changes mainly of diet and
physical activity and their product (obesity). We aim to study the
clinical and functional changes in asthmatic children after a
schedualized training program (walking, swimming, cycling, running
and gymnastic) and to evaluate the efficacy of physical activity on
both asthma symptoms and pulmonary functions, aiming to modify the
asthmatic children's life style. We found clear evidence that
Pulmonary Rehabilitation programs that include individually
prescribed but generic physical exercise training are capable of
improving functional exercise capacity and health-related quality
of life and are cost effective, so it should be applied on a larger
scale among asthmatic children hospitals, various allergy clinics
and even at school if possible, to improve their health outcome and
quality of life.
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