America has enjoyed more than a half century as a superpower, much of which as the lone world superpower. For better or worse, this position has been underpinned by its technological superiority and ability to deter significant challenge. In recent years, (potential) adversaries have eroded America#65533;s technological advantage through massive investment, while at the same time U.S. research and development (RD) budgets have been shrinking. The necessity to maintain technological supremacy despite fiscal constraints requires the Department of Defense (DOD) to re-examine its policy and practices towards RD. America can no longer afford to throw massive amounts of money at innovation, especially without some assurance of return on investment. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has, since its inception, made a science out of innovation and advancing the state-of-the-art. The DOD as a whole would greatly benefit from studying DARPA#65533;s best practices and motis operendai.

This report develops and tests a precision navigation algorithm fusing optical and inertial measurements.This algorithm provides an alternative to the Global Positioning System (GPS) as a precision navigation source, enabling navigation in GPS denied environments, using low-cost sensors and equipment.A rigorous study of the fundamental nature of optical/inertial navigation is accomplished through theexamination of the observability grammian of the underlying measurement equations. Through this analysis, a set ofprinciples of design are proposed guiding the development of a navigation algorithm. An algorithm titled theSimultaneous Location Aiding And Mapping Recursively (SLAAMR) is thus described incorporating theseprinciples of design, an extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and a Simultaneous Location And Mapping (SLAM) process.The SLAAMR algorithm is designed to provide robust navigation performance in realistic, full scale environments ata low cost.The principles of design and the SLAAMR algorithm are tested and evaluated using data collected at theUnited States Air Force Test Pilot School (USAF TPS). A full-scale aircraft flying operationally representativeparameters and profiles was used to collect the data, and was correlated with highly precise Time Space PositionInformation (TSPI) truth data for validation and evaluation purposes