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This work is of great importance to the study of Egyptology.
Detailed but isolated studies have been made of several Late Period
tombs and other groups of tombs have been discussed comparatively.
Royal tombs have been studied in depth. However, until now there
has not been a comprehensive survey and analysis of all the
non-royal Egyptian tombs of the Late Period. This book details the
architecture, decoration and textual content of all the known non-
royal Egyptian tombs of the Period, both within the Nile Valley and
elsewhere, as well as the artefacts found within them. It
categorises the tombs into a new typology, enabling easy
cross-reference of differing types of tomb in different areas, and
it discusses the development of the tombs from their earlier
architectural forms. It considers why important types of tomb were
developed in some areas, while in other areas different types of
tomb were created. No work of a similar nature has previously been
undertaken, making this an essential reference work for the student
of this period of Egyptian history; it will also be of great
interest to the student of archaeology and the history of art and
architecture.
This study investigates the drivers for the development of the
elite Late Period tombs of the necropoleis of Memphis. It studies
their conceptual basis in the context of the social and political
situation of the Late Period. It examines the landscape of Memphis
and explores the geographic, geological and man-made features that
encouraged the creation of a sacred landscape with a view to
discovering what features made this a desirable place for the
building of tombs and why Late Period clusters of tombs were built
in some parts of that landscape but not in others; it also
considers the significance of their alignment. It sets out to
discover what religious, social or ancestral factors made the elite
choose the location of the individual tombs, what determined their
structure and how they relate to older as well as contemporary
structures. Finally, the reason for the positions of the different
burial grounds of Memphis, and the interrelation between them, is
explored in order to establish the socio-political factors
influencing that choice.
No one knows when the first sail was raised to propel a boat on the
River Mersey, but much speculation abounds. Theoretically, sailing
ships could have used this stretch of water in as far back as
pre-Roman times, but the oldest proven vessel was that of the
Middle Ages. In this volume, Michael Stammers tells the history of
the many Liverpool sailing ships from 1565, the year of the first
list of Liverpool ships - there were twelve, ranging from the bark
'Eagle', of 40 tons to the boat 'Good Luck' of 6 tons - through the
age of slavery and into the 1930s. Even after the advent of stream
propulsion, sail still ruled in many parts of the world and
Liverpool was no exception. Four-masted barques such as 'Olivebank'
and 'Celtic Glen' were a common view in the dock system and were a
stunning sight to behold.
The county of Norfolk is surrounded by water, with the North Sea to
the east and north, the Great Ouse, Little Ouse and River Waveney
to the west and south, and for hundreds of years ships have played
a vital role in the economy of the country. No doubt the first
boats were log boats from pre-Roman times and evidence of Roman,
Anglo-Saxon and Viking boats have been found. From the late
eighteenth century onwards, dramatic changes in marine technology
saw the growth of steam ships and the gradual decline of
traditional sailing craft. Norfolk has, though, been a haven for
craft such as the wherries that once plied the Broads, as well as
the sailing fishing vessels that once used the harbour at Great
Yarmouth. By the 1890s, steam was king and many ships of all types,
from tugs to tramp steamers and passenger vessels, were powered by
the steam engine.Tourism saw a huge rise in the number of pleasure
steamers while the growth of sea travel saw the introduction of
lifeboats along the coast from Cromer to Caister. Inside Norfolk
Shipping are 200 photographs and images of just some of the many
craft that have plied both the North Sea off the coast and inland
to the Broads and along the country's main rivers.
The story of Liverpool is, in many ways, the story of its docks.
Before the docks, trade was limited by the tides and at the mercy
of the Mersey's currents. After dock construction began, the city
became a hub of Britain's worldwide trading network. Cheshire Salt,
Lancashire coal and textiles, Staffordshire pottery and Birmingham
metal goods were all export staples and played an important part -
until the 1807 abolition - in the infamous African slave trade. At
the same time, sugar, rum, cotton and timber were exported in huge
quantities. Through the expansion of the empire and the
opportunities presented by steam power, the docks continued to grow
and prosper. Even after the setbacks and bombing of the Second
World War, trade rapidly recovered. However, the pace of change
increased in the late 1950s and not to Liverpool's benefit.
Passenger liners lost out to airliners (Cunard ships last called
here in 1964) and changes in cargo handling led to the displacement
of six traditional cargo liners for every new container vessel.
There was competition from new container ports like Felixstowe as
well as a range of local difficulties. With many contemporary
illustrations of people, ships, buildings and machinery, Michael
Stammers chronicles not just the rise and fall of Mersey shipping
but also the way the docks have bounced back. Redevelopment,
restoration and new modes of commerce have put Liverpool's docks
back in the black and the docks continue to be a significant part
of the Liverpool of today, albeit a very different-looking docks to
the port of over sixty years ago.
This book sets out to describe and illustrate a series of local
features (architectural bits and pieces, gravestones, buildings and
other landmarks, large and small) that have played a part in
Crosby's history. The first part of the book offers a general
commentary on different aspects of Crosby's development while the
second part explores the different types of building materials
found in Crosby as well as signs, dates and inscriptions.
Illustrated with over 100 photographs, drawings and maps, this book
will fascinate anyone with an interest in Crosby and how it
developed its unique character and identity.
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