Medieval French, usually analyzed as a null subject language, differs considerably from modern Romance null subject languages such as Spanish in the availability of non-expressed subject pronouns; specifically, it shows characteristics reminiscent of non-null, rather than null subject languages, such as the expression of expletive subject pronouns. The central goal of this book is to put forward an account of these differences. On the basis of the analysis of an extensive, newly established data corpus, the development of the expression of both expletive and referential subject pronouns until the 17th c. is determined. Following a thorough discussion of previous approaches, an alternative approach is presented which builds on the analysis of Medieval French as a non-null subject language. The non-expression of subject pronouns, licit in specific contexts in non-null subject languages, is shown to be restricted to configurations generally involving left-peripheral focalization. These configurations - and, concomitantly, non-expressed subject pronouns - are finally argued to be eventually lost for good in the wake of the initial observation by 17th c. writers of pertinent instructions campaigned for in highly influential works of language use.

Michael Zimmermann bewertet unterschiedliche Koordinationsmechanismen einer Supply Chain in einer Monopol- und in einer Wettbewerbssituation. Er zeigt, dass sich fur konkurrierende Wertschopfungsketten gegenlaufige Koordinations- und Wettbewerbseffekte ergeben, und vergleicht die Vorteilhaftigkeit verschiedener Koordinationsmechanismen in einer Monopol- und in einer Duopolsituation.

For many, artificial intelligence, or AI, may seem like a new, and possibly overwhelming concept. The reality is that AI is already being applied in industry and, for many of us, in our daily lives as well. A better understanding of AI can help you make informed decisions now, that will impact the future of your learners. This book explores what AI is, how it works and how educators can use it to better prepare students in a world with increased human-computer interaction.

"Berlin's Culturescape in the Twentieth Century" reflects the many facets of Berlin's unique development as a cultural metropolis. At the centre of this compilation of essays is the notion of culturescape as a concept that describes the cultural expressions and identities that occur within a given urban space. From industrialization and modernization to division and subsequent reunification, Berlin has been the flashpoint of German history and culture. This bilingual volume (five German chapters and seven English chapters) provides a discourse that examines expressions of the city's literature, film, and fashion.

The nealry fifty years between the end of World War II and the reunification of Germany represent a period of intense self-reflectionfor the German people. Emanating from the literature fo this period are the motif of sucidie and its ideation of self-destruction. An examination of the motif of suicide in novels from East and West reveals the depth of and reasons for the psychic turmoil. From the colective suicidal alienation exsperienced in both the individual alienation experienced in both the Federal REpublic oif Germany and the German Democratic Republic, the particular circumstances of suicide as depicted in each novel and uniquely German. Contents: Suicide in the German Novel 1945-49--Suicide in the Novel of the German Democratic Republic--Suicide in the Novel of the Federal Republic of Germany.