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The Middle East is well-known for its historic gardens that have
developed over more than two millenniums. The role of urban
landscape projects in Middle Eastern cities has grown in
prominence, with a gradual shift in emphasis from gardens for the
private sphere to an increasingly public function. The contemporary
landscape projects, either designed as public plazas or public
parks, have played a significant role in transferring the modern
Middle Eastern cities to a new era and also in transforming to a
newly shaped social culture in which the public has a voice. This
book considers what ties these projects to their historical
context, and what regional and local elements and concepts have
been used in their design.
Historiography is the study of the methodology of writing history,
the development of the discipline of history, and the changing
interpretations of historical events in the works of individual
historians. Exploring the historiography of Persian art and
architecture requires a closer look at a diverse range of sources,
including chronicles, historical accounts, travelogues, and
material evidence coming from archaeological excavations. The
Historiography of Persian Architecture highlights the political,
cultural, and intellectual contexts that lie behind the written
history of Persian architecture in the twentieth century,
presenting a series of investigations on issues related to
historiography. This book addresses the challenges, complexities,
and contradictions regarding historical and geographical diversity
of Persian architecture, including issues lacking in the 20th
century historiography of Iran and neighbouring countries. This
book not only illustrates different trends in Persian architecture
but also clarifies changing notions of research in this field.
Aiming to introduce new tools of analysis, the book offers fresh
insights into the discipline, supported by historical documents,
archaeological data, treatises, and visual materials. It brings
together well-established and emerging scholars from a broad range
of academic spheres, in order to question and challenge
pre-existing historiographical frameworks, particularly through
specific case studies. Overall, it provides a valuable contribution
to the study of Persian architecture, simultaneously revisiting
past literature and advancing new approaches. This book would be of
interest to students and scholars of Middle East and Iranian
Studies, as well as Architectural History, including Islamic
architecture and historiography.
Presenting a critical, yet innovative, perspective on the cultural
interactions between the "East" and the "West", this book questions
the role of travel in the production of knowledge and in the
construction of the idea of the "Islamic city". This volume brings
together authors from various disciplines, questioning the role of
Western travel writing in the production of knowledge about the
East, particularly focusing on the cities of the Muslim world.
Instead of concentrating on a specific era, chapters span the
Medieval and Modern eras in order to present the transformation of
both the idea of the "Islamic city" and also the act of traveling
and travel writing. Missions to the East, whether initiated by
military, religious, economic, scientific, diplomatic or touristic
purposes, resulted in a continuous construction, de-construction
and re-construction of the "self" and the "other". Including travel
accounts, which depicted cities, extending from Europe to Asia and
from Africa to Arabia, chapters epitomize the construction of the
"Orient" via textual or visual representations. By examining
various tools of representation such as drawings, paintings,
cartography, and photography in depicting the urban landscape in
constant flux, the book emphasizes the role of the mobile
individual in defining city space and producing urban culture.
Scrutinising the role of travellers in producing the image of the
world we know today, this book is recommended for researchers,
scholars and students of Middle Eastern Studies, Cultural Studies,
Architecture and Urbanism.
Historiography is the study of the methodology of writing history,
the development of the discipline of history, and the changing
interpretations of historical events in the works of individual
historians. Exploring the historiography of Persian art and
architecture requires a closer look at a diverse range of sources,
including chronicles, historical accounts, travelogues, and
material evidence coming from archaeological excavations. The
Historiography of Persian Architecture highlights the political,
cultural, and intellectual contexts that lie behind the written
history of Persian architecture in the twentieth century,
presenting a series of investigations on issues related to
historiography. This book addresses the challenges, complexities,
and contradictions regarding historical and geographical diversity
of Persian architecture, including issues lacking in the 20th
century historiography of Iran and neighbouring countries. This
book not only illustrates different trends in Persian architecture
but also clarifies changing notions of research in this field.
Aiming to introduce new tools of analysis, the book offers fresh
insights into the discipline, supported by historical documents,
archaeological data, treatises, and visual materials. It brings
together well-established and emerging scholars from a broad range
of academic spheres, in order to question and challenge
pre-existing historiographical frameworks, particularly through
specific case studies. Overall, it provides a valuable contribution
to the study of Persian architecture, simultaneously revisiting
past literature and advancing new approaches. This book would be of
interest to students and scholars of Middle East and Iranian
Studies, as well as Architectural History, including Islamic
architecture and historiography.
Presenting a critical, yet innovative, perspective on the cultural
interactions between the "East" and the "West", this book questions
the role of travel in the production of knowledge and in the
construction of the idea of the "Islamic city". This volume brings
together authors from various disciplines, questioning the role of
Western travel writing in the production of knowledge about the
East, particularly focusing on the cities of the Muslim world.
Instead of concentrating on a specific era, chapters span the
Medieval and Modern eras in order to present the transformation of
both the idea of the "Islamic city" and also the act of traveling
and travel writing. Missions to the East, whether initiated by
military, religious, economic, scientific, diplomatic or touristic
purposes, resulted in a continuous construction, de-construction
and re-construction of the "self" and the "other". Including travel
accounts, which depicted cities, extending from Europe to Asia and
from Africa to Arabia, chapters epitomize the construction of the
"Orient" via textual or visual representations. By examining
various tools of representation such as drawings, paintings,
cartography, and photography in depicting the urban landscape in
constant flux, the book emphasizes the role of the mobile
individual in defining city space and producing urban culture.
Scrutinising the role of travellers in producing the image of the
world we know today, this book is recommended for researchers,
scholars and students of Middle Eastern Studies, Cultural Studies,
Architecture and Urbanism.
The Middle East is well-known for its historic gardens that have
developed over more than two millenniums. The role of urban
landscape projects in Middle Eastern cities has grown in
prominence, with a gradual shift in emphasis from gardens for the
private sphere to an increasingly public function. The contemporary
landscape projects, either designed as public plazas or public
parks, have played a significant role in transferring the modern
Middle Eastern cities to a new era and also in transforming to a
newly shaped social culture in which the public has a voice. This
book considers what ties these projects to their historical
context, and what regional and local elements and concepts have
been used in their design.
This book offers a new, salutogenic, perspective on the development
of early modern cities by exploring profound and complex ways in
which architecture and landscape design served to promote public
health on an urban scale. Focusing on fifteenth- through
nineteenth-century Europe, it addresses the histories of spaces and
institutions that supported salubrious living, highlighting the
intersections of medical theory, government policy, and
architectural practice in designing, improving, and monumentalizing
the infrastructure of sanitation and healthcare. Studies in this
book highlight the joint role of design thinking and scientific
practice in reforming the facilities for treating and preventing
disease; the impact of cross-cultural exchange on early modern
strategies of urban improvement; and the creation of new
therapeutic environments through state, communal, and private
initiatives concerned with the preservation of physical and mental
health, from recreational landscapes to spa resorts.
As oil-rich countries in the Middle East are increasingly
associated with soaring skyscrapers and modern architecture,
attention is being diverted away from the pervasive struggles of
social housing in those same urban settings. Social Housing in the
Middle East traces the history of social housing-both gleaming
postmodern projects and bare-bones urban housing structures-in an
effort to provide a wider understanding of marginalized spaces and
their impact on identities, communities, and class. While
architects may have envisioned utopian or futuristic experiments,
these buildings were often constructed with the knowledge and skill
sets of local workers, and the housing was in turn adapted to suit
the modern needs of residents. This tension between local needs and
national aspirations are linked to issues of global importance,
including security, migration, and refugee resettlement. The essays
collected here consider how culture, faith, and politics influenced
the solutions offered by social housing; they provide an insightful
look at how social housing has evolved since the 19th century and
how it will need to adapt to suit the 21st.
This book explores the myriad interactions between calligraphy and
architecture throughout the history of the Muslim world. From Spain
to China, Islamic architecture and calligraphy are inexorably
intertwined. Mosques, dervish lodges, mausolea, libraries, even
baths and marketplaces bear masterpieces of calligraphy that rival
the most refined books and scrolls. This major reference work
focuses on architectural inscriptions throughout the Muslim world,
some going back to the Middle Ages, others dating from our own
lifetime. What were the purposes of these inscriptions? How do they
infuse buildings with culturally specific meanings, sacred or
profane? What do they add to architectural design? What sorts of
materials were used, and how do they interact with light and space?
Who were their patrons, and what do we know about the artists who
produced them? You can find out with this exciting new collection
written by a stellar cast of international contributors. It
features 28 case studies explain different aspects and contexts of
calligraphy in Islamic architecture. It is geographically
wide-ranging - covers North Africa, the Middle East, South Asia,
China and Spain. It takes an interdisciplinary approach to
analysing calligraphy as part of its larger spatial-architectural
context. It is lavishly illustrated with 400 colour images.
The Middle Eastern bazaar is much more than a context for commerce:
the studies in this book illustrate that markets, regardless of
their location, scale, and permanency, have also played important
cultural roles within their societies, reflecting historical
evolution, industrial development, social and political conditions,
urban morphology, and architectural functions. This
interdisciplinary volume explores the dynamics of the bazaar with a
number of case studies from Cairo, Damascus, Aleppo, Nablus, Bursa,
Istanbul, Sana'a, Kabul, Tehran, and Yazd. Although they share some
contextual and functional characteristics, each bazaar has its own
unique and fascinating history, traditions, cultural practices, and
structure. One of the most intriguing aspects revealed in this
volume is the thread of continuity from past to present exhibited
by the bazaar as a forum where a society meets and intermingles in
the practice of goods exchange--a social and cultural ritual that
is as old as human history.
Includes 36 chapters that deploy interdisciplinary approaches to
the analysis of the mutual relationship between pandemics and the
built environment. The chapters share the story of a pandemic in a
particular city or region from five continents, and are organized
in four sections to convey the mechanisms of change that affect
vulnerabilities and responses to epidemic illnesses: 'Urban
Governance', 'Urban Life', 'Urban Infrastructure' and 'Urban Design
and Planning'. Two prominent scholars from the disciplines of
public health and medical anthropology provide a prologue and
epilogue: Sandro Galea writes on 'Pandemics and urban health', and
Richard J. Jackson on 'Urbanism and architecture in the post-COVID
era'. The contributors to this new study are historians, public
health experts, art and architectural historians, sociologists,
anthropologists, doctors and nurses. In researching their
contributions, all have spoken to an audience that includes the
public, practitioners and academic readers; the resultant case
studies reveal a diverse range of urban interventions that are
connected to the impact of epidemics on society and urban life, as
well as the conceptualization of and response to disease. Epidemic
illnesses - not only a product of biology, but also social and
cultural phenomena - are as old as cities themselves. The recent
pandemic has put into perspective the impact of epidemic illness on
urban life and exposed the vulnerabilities of the societies it
ravages as much as the bodies it infects. How can epidemics help us
understand urban environments? How might insights from the outbreak
and responses to previous urban epidemics inform our understanding
of the current world? With these questions in mind, this book
gathers scholarship from a range of disciplines to present case
studies from across the globe, each demonstrating how cities in
particular are not just the primary place of exposure and
quarantine, but also the site and instrument of intervention. This
book seeks to explore the profound and complex ways that
architecture and landscape design were impacted by historical
epidemics around the world, from North America to Africa and
Australia, and to convey this information in a way that
meaningfully engages a public readership. The chapters analyse the
development of urban infrastructure, institutions and spaces in
western and eastern societies in response to historical pandemics.
They also demonstrate how epidemic illnesses, and their responses,
exploit and amplify social inequality in the urban contexts and
communities they impact.
This beautifully illustrated volume looks at the spaces created by
and for Jews in areas under the political or religious control of
Muslims. Covering regions as diverse as Central Asia, the Middle
East, North Africa and Spain, it asks how the architecture of
synagogues responded to contextual issues and traditions, and how
these contexts influenced the design and evolution of synagogues.
As well as revealing how synagogues reflect the culture of the
Jewish minority at macro and micro scales, from the city to the
interior, the book also considers patterns of the development of
synagogues in urban contexts and in connection with urban elements
and monuments.
From Timur's tent in Samarqand to Shah 'Abbas's palace in Isfahan
and Humayun's tomb in Delhi, the pavilion has been an integral part
of Persianate gardens since its earliest appearance at the
Achaemenid garden in Pasargadae in the sixth century BC. Here,
Mohammad Gharipour places both the garden and the pavilion within
their historical, literary and artistic contexts, emphasizing the
importance of the pavilion, which has hitherto been overlooked in
the study of Iranian historical architecture. Starting with an
examination of the depictions and representations of gardens in
religious texts, Gharipour analyses how the idea of the garden
developed from the model of pre-Islamic gardens in Achaemenid and
Sassanian Persia to its mentions in the Zoroastrian text of Aban
Yasht and on to its central role as paradise in the Qur'an.
Continuing on with an exploration of gardens and pavilions in
Persian poetry, Gharipour offers in-depth analysis of their literal
and metaphorical values. It is in the poetry of major Persian poets
such as Ferdowsi, Naser Khosrow, Sa'di, Rumi and Hafez that
Gharipour finds that whilst gardens are praised for their spiritual
values, they also contain significant symbolic worth in terms of
temporal wealth and power. Persian Gardens and Pavilions then goes
onto examine the garden and the pavilion as reflected in Persian
miniature painting, sculpture and carpets, as well as accounts of
travelers to Persia. With masters such as Bizhad representing daily
life as well as the more mystical prose and poetry in, for example,
Sa'di's Bustan (The Orchard) and Golestan (The Rose Garden), the
garden and the pavilion can be seen to have crucial semiotic
significance and cultural meanings. But in addition to this, they
also point to historical patterns of patronage and ownership which
were of central importance in the diplomatic and social life of the
royal courts of Persia. Gharipour thereby highlights the
metaphorical, spiritual, symbolic and religious aspects of gardens,
as well as their more materialistic and economic functions. This
book reaches back through Persia's rich history to explore the
material and psychological relationships between human beings,
pavilions and gardens, and will be a valuable resource for Art
History, Architecture and Iranian Studies.
Includes 36 chapters that deploy interdisciplinary approaches to
the analysis of the mutual relationship between pandemics and the
built environment. The chapters share the story of a pandemic in a
particular city or region from five continents, and are organized
in four sections to convey the mechanisms of change that affect
vulnerabilities and responses to epidemic illnesses: 'Urban
Governance', 'Urban Life', 'Urban Infrastructure' and 'Urban Design
and Planning'. Two prominent scholars from the disciplines of
public health and medical anthropology provide a prologue and
epilogue: Sandro Galea writes on 'Pandemics and urban health', and
Richard J. Jackson on 'Urbanism and architecture in the post-COVID
era'. The contributors to this new study are historians, public
health experts, art and architectural historians, sociologists,
anthropologists, doctors and nurses. In researching their
contributions, all have spoken to an audience that includes the
public, practitioners and academic readers; the resultant case
studies reveal a diverse range of urban interventions that are
connected to the impact of epidemics on society and urban life, as
well as the conceptualization of and response to disease. Epidemic
illnesses - not only a product of biology, but also social and
cultural phenomena - are as old as cities themselves. The recent
pandemic has put into perspective the impact of epidemic illness on
urban life and exposed the vulnerabilities of the societies it
ravages as much as the bodies it infects. How can epidemics help us
understand urban environments? How might insights from the outbreak
and responses to previous urban epidemics inform our understanding
of the current world? With these questions in mind, this book
gathers scholarship from a range of disciplines to present case
studies from across the globe, each demonstrating how cities in
particular are not just the primary place of exposure and
quarantine, but also the site and instrument of intervention. This
book seeks to explore the profound and complex ways that
architecture and landscape design were impacted by historical
epidemics around the world, from North America to Africa and
Australia, and to convey this information in a way that
meaningfully engages a public readership. The chapters analyse the
development of urban infrastructure, institutions and spaces in
western and eastern societies in response to historical pandemics.
They also demonstrate how epidemic illnesses, and their responses,
exploit and amplify social inequality in the urban contexts and
communities they impact.
As oil-rich countries in the Middle East are increasingly
associated with soaring skyscrapers and modern architecture,
attention is being diverted away from the pervasive struggles of
social housing in those same urban settings. Social Housing in the
Middle East traces the history of social housing—both gleaming
postmodern projects and bare-bones urban housing structures—in an
effort to provide a wider understanding of marginalized spaces and
their impact on identities, communities, and class. While
architects may have envisioned utopian or futuristic experiments,
these buildings were often constructed with the knowledge and skill
sets of local workers, and the housing was in turn adapted to suit
the modern needs of residents. This tension between local needs and
national aspirations are linked to issues of global importance,
including security, migration, and refugee resettlement. The essays
collected here consider how culture, faith, and politics influenced
the solutions offered by social housing; they provide an insightful
look at how social housing has evolved since the 19th century and
how it will need to adapt to suit the 21st.
Through Islamic Architecture Today and Tomorrow, established
experts, designers, and newer scholars from the world of ‘Islamic
architecture’, broadly conceived, consider the field’s changing
nature and continued relevance in our rapidly globalizing context.
Reflective essays address the meaning of ‘Islamic’ in built
environments, as well as the geographical, chronological, and
disciplinary diversity of a dynamic field of study that encompasses
far more than mosques and tombs. Essays address the use and
interpretation of historic structures and spaces, in addition to
contemporary design, conservation, and touristic experience, as
well as research, publication, and pedagogical practices. It
introduces scholars and practitioners to the state of Islamic
architecture as a field of inquiry and provides a snapshot of the
issues and challenges facing the field today. Looking forward, it
invites readers to consider built environments in Islamic contexts
as integral to global systems from an interdisciplinary and
inclusive perspective. While this volume offers nuanced
perspectives on a host of pressing questions, it ultimately aims to
advance a necessarily on-going conversation. The book will have
wide appeal among architectural historians, art historians, and
other scholars working on material in the traditional Islamic
regions of the world (North Africa, the Middle East, and South
Asia) and beyond, as well as scholars of religion and society.
Practicing architects, landscape architects, planners,
preservationists, and heritage managers in the regions addressed
may also be interested in the volume. Essays have been written with
non-specialist and student readers in mind. Undergraduate,
graduate, and design students may use selected essays, or the
entire collection, in university or graduate school coursework in
architecture and Middle Eastern or Islamic studies.
The book documents the history and morphology of the Ancient City
of Aleppo, outlining first the urbanistic development of the city
and then focusing on the architectural heritage with specific focus
on the domestic architecture, addressing the initiatives to
reconstruct and rehabilitate the urban fabric. The author argues in
favour of the safeguarding and rehabilitation of the architectural
heritage to protect the cultural memory of the inhabitants of
Aleppo, despite of the destruction of architecture due to the
recent war. Through a capillary documentation of the palimpsest of
Aleppo - the peculiar characteristics of its courtyard houses and
the neighbourhoods of Bayyada, Bab Quinnesrin and al-Farafra - this
is a theoretical and practical handbook for architects, urban
planners and restorers alike. Through this analytical discussion of
the city's urban fabric, it introduces the concept of the cultural
urban landscape acting as a 'cohesive territorial organism',
nourished by different cultures, in which contrasting scales of
land, city and neighbourhood are interconnected in a fractal state.
With a focus on retaining the uniqueness and diversity of this
residential typology, which bore witness to the rich cultural
history of Syria and the Middle East as a whole, Neglia maps a
future reconstruction that focuses on cultural continuity,
tradition and the re-establishment of a crucial social memory. Of
particular interest and relevance to cultural heritage experts,
urban planners architects and designers. Also, to researchers,
scholars and students interested in studies on urban morphology and
building typology, UNESCO and ICOMOS. Scholars and students
interested in the Middle East. Will also be of significant interest
to professionals dealing with the implementation of rehabilitation
measures in other cities inscribed on the Word Cultural Heritage
List, or cities with a sound historic fabric which has been
destroyed due to war or other events.
Health and Architecture offers a uniquely global overview of the
healthcare facility in the pre-modern era, engaging in a
cross-cultural analysis of the architectural response to medical
developments and the formation of specialized hospitals as an
independent building typology. Whether constructed as part of
Chinese palaces in the 15th century or the religious complexes in
16th century Ottoman Istanbul, the healthcare facility throughout
history is a built environment intended to promote healing and
caring. The essays in this volume address how the relationships
between architectural forms associated with healthcare and other
buildings in the pre-modern era, such as bathhouses, almshouses,
schools and places of worship, reflect changing attitudes towards
healing. They explore the impact of medical advances on the design
of hospitals across various times and geographies, and examine the
historic construction processes and the stylistic connections
between places of care and other building types, and their
development in urban context. Deploying new methodological,
interdisciplinary and comparative approaches to the analysis of
healthcare facilities, Health and Architecture demonstrates how the
spaces of healthcare themselves offer some of the most powerful and
practical articulations of therapy.
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