Common (bread) wheat is an allohexaploid species (Triticum aestivum L.) with 3 compensating genomes AABBDD (2n=6x=42 chromosomes). Traditionally genetic and physical mapping in this most important cereal crop has been based on molecular markers (RFLPs, PCR, Insitu hybridization etc). The recent development in producing deletion lines of common wheat (using Aegilops cylindricum genome) has revolutionized the physical mapping of wheat chromosomes. During present study, deletion lines of chromosomes 5A of common wheat were used to identify RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA) based molecular markers specific for short and/or long arm of chromosome 5A. Out of the 7 RAPD primers used, OPA-07 showed useful polymorphism for long arm deletion lines viz; del5AL-10 and del5AL-23. By comparing the C-banding karyotype of the deletion lines, it is inferred that the primer (OPA-07) anneals to the distal half of the long arm of chromosome 5A.

Genetic diversity is our heritage, efficient germplasm collection and its evaluation is the key factor to address the problem and to identify the wealth of the important germplasm growing in our close vicinity. In the present study a total of 40 genotypes of Phaseolus vulgaris (L) were collected from plane and mountainous areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan, and investigated for morphological and biochemical genetic diversity. An appreciable variation was observed for seed colour and 100 seed weight. SDS-PAGE was carried out and 37% genetic disagreement was observed in the collected lines with percent disagreement ranging from 0.00 - 0.71. To fractionate and explain the level of genetic diversity, the electropherogram was further divided into three zones and showing 37%, 36 % and 39% genetic disagreement respectively and subsequently analyzed through cluster analysis (how to use computer software for cluster analysis "see tutorial for cluster analysis" narrated in this book). Cluster analysis exhibited moderate level of genetic diversity; to explore the gene pool of Pakistani common bean more collection is required for genetic improvement.