* divided into two major sections: - in nine chapters the first part of the book examines "the big picture" of the research process - in ten chapters the second part focuses on Specialized Areas and Methods of Historical Research * designed around specific learning outcomes, tangible "products" that mark important phases in the research process, with questions, case studies, and templates * appropriate for use both inside and beyond the classroom, with capstone/thesis courses, junior and sophomore level research seminars

* divided into two major sections: - in nine chapters the first part of the book examines "the big picture" of the research process - in ten chapters the second part focuses on Specialized Areas and Methods of Historical Research * designed around specific learning outcomes, tangible "products" that mark important phases in the research process, with questions, case studies, and templates * appropriate for use both inside and beyond the classroom, with capstone/thesis courses, junior and sophomore level research seminars

As bloody wars raged in Central America during the last third of the twentieth century, hundreds of North American groups “adopted” villages in war-torn Guatemala, Nicaragua, and El Salvador. Unlike government-based cold war–era Sister City programs, these pairings were formed by ordinary people, often inspired by individuals displaced by US-supported counterinsurgency operations. Drawing on two decades of work with former refugees from El Salvador as well as unprecedented access to private archives and oral histories, Molly Todd’s compelling history provides the first in-depth look at “grassroots sistering.” This model of citizen diplomacy emerged in the mid-1980s out of relationships between a few repopulated villages in Chalatenango, El Salvador, and US cities. Todd shows how the leadership of Salvadorans and left-leaning activists in the US concerned with the expansion of empire as well as the evolution of human rights–related discourses and practices created a complex dynamic of cross-border activism that continues today.

As bloody wars raged in Central America during the last third of the twentieth century, hundreds of North American groups "adopted" villages in war-torn Guatemala, Nicaragua, and El Salvador. Unlike government-based cold war-era Sister City programs, these pairings were formed by ordinary people, often inspired by individuals displaced by US-supported counterinsurgency operations. Drawing on two decades of work with former refugees from El Salvador as well as unprecedented access to private archives and oral histories, Molly Todd's compelling history provides the first in-depth look at "grassroots sistering." This model of citizen diplomacy emerged in the mid-1980s out of relationships between a few repopulated villages in Chalatenango, El Salvador, and US cities. Todd shows how the leadership of Salvadorans and left-leaning activists in the US concerned with the expansion of empire as well as the evolution of human rights-related discourses and practices created a complex dynamic of cross-border activism that continues today.

During the civil war that wracked El Salvador from the mid-1970s to the early 1990s, the Salvadoran military tried to stamp out dissidence and insurgency through an aggressive campaign of crop-burning, kidnapping, rape, killing, torture, and gruesome bodily mutilations. Even as human rights violations drew world attention, repression and war displaced more than a quarter of El Salvador's population, both inside the country and beyond its borders. Beyond Displacement examines how the peasant campesinos of war-torn northern El Salvador responded to violence by taking to the hills. Molly Todd demonstrates that their flight was not hasty and chaotic, but was a deliberate strategy that grew out of a longer history of collective organization, mobilization, and self-defense.