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INTRODUCTION The present volume unites contributions by the leading
figure of the Vienna Circle and by two of his closest assoCiates,
contributions that deal with an area of thought represented,
indeed, in this Collection but certainly not the central one in the
common picture ofthe Circle's activities. It is no accident that an
interest in ethics and the philosophy of action was particularly
marked in what Neurath was apt to call the right wing of the
Circle. For them, as for Wittgenstein (the respected
mentorofSchlickandWaismanninparticular), theadvancetobehoped for in
philosophy consisted not solely in freeing natural science from a
confused sense of dependence on speculative metaphysics but also in
seeingthatotherareasoflanguageandaction hadto bethoughtaboutin
theirownterms, whichwereneitherthoseofnaturalsciencenorthoseof
philosophy as traditionally conceived. The scepticismofSchlick
about theprogrammeofUnifiedSciencewaswellknown: EinheizwissenschaJt
he called it, as it might be 'boozified science'. And in sober
truth the programme sometimes masked a left-wing set of values
taken (surely illogically) for granted, though the membersofthe
Circle entertained a wide range ofpolitical views. Schlick's own
contribution to the present volume is a section from
thenotesforoneofhisfinal lectureseries, forsightofwhich wewarmly
thanktheonlysurvivingcontributortoourvolume, DrJosephSchachter:
Schlick'sgrandsonDra. M. H. vandeVeldehaskindlyconsentedtotheir
publication. This section poses the problem we have outlined: there
are questionsandaneedforclarificationinethics, butthesenomoredemand
a metaphysical solution than does a similar situation in
epistemology. Here, as in his earlier Problems of Ethics, l Schlick
sets his face against thewholeprocess, mostobviousin Kant,
ofmakingtheconceptofvalue absolute. One might say that for Schlick
there is no unhypothetical imperative.
PROBLEMS OF ETHICS PRENTICE-HAL4 PHILOSOPHY SERIES ARTHUR E. Mu
ftHY, PH. D., EDITOR PERCEPTION AND AESTHETIC VALUE, by Harold
Newton Lee FORMAL LOGIC, by Albert A. Bennett and Charles A. Bayhs
PROBLEMS OF ETHICS, by Moritz Schlick. Translated by David Rynin
PROBLEMS OF ETHICS BY MORITZ SCHLICK AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION BY
DAVID RYNIN, PH. D NEW YORK 1939 PRENTICE-HALL, INC. COPYRIGHT,
1939, BJ PRENTICE-HALL, 70 Fifth Avenue, New York ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM, BY
MIMEOGRAPH OR ANY OTHER MEANS, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRIT ING FROM
THE PUBLISHERS. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Foreword
THE appearance, in English translation, of Professor Moritz
Schlicks Fragen dcr JLthi is timely and welcome.-Professor Schlick
was the leader of the vigorous and influential Vienna Circle, a
group of scientists, logicians, and philosophers who attacked in a
fresh way the persistent problem as to what the nature and the
significant function of philosophical reflection really is. These
thinkers, in general, carry on the traditions of empiricism and
positivism, which they have reformulated in the light of certain
views arising from a logical analysis of language and sym bols.
Accordingly, the position which these writers represent sometimes
goes by the name of logical positivism. The application of the
methods and re sults of this type of analysis to some of the
traditional problems of ethics supplies the substance of this book.
It will bring home to the mind of the thoughtful reader the
pressing question as to the real nature of ethical problems indeed
of all those problems which have to do with the appraisal of human
values. These problems are crucial forus now, both in theory and in
practice. To have so unambiguous and clear a state vi FOREWORD ment
of these problems as they appear within the per spective of modern
positivism is very much worth while. GEORGE P. ADAMS The University
of California Translators Note ALTHOUGH this authorized translation
of Moritz Schlicks Fragen der Ethi was read and ap proved, and in
part revised, by the author before his untimely and tragic death, I
accept full responsibility for whatever shortcomings may yet
characterize it. I wish to thank my friends for their assistance in
render ing the more difficult passages into readable English, DAVID
RYNIN Vll Contents PAGE FOREWORD, BY GEORGE P. ADAMS v TRANSLATORS
NOTE vii PREFACE xin CHAPTER L WHAT Is THE AIM OF ETHICS .... i 1.
Ethics Seeks Nothing But Knowledge i 2. The Subject-matter of
Ethics .... 2 3. On the Definition of Good .... 5 4. Is the Good
Indefinable 8 5. The Formal Characteristic of the Good 10 6.
Material Characteristics II 7. Moral Norms and Moral Principles .
14 Ethics as a Normative Science . . 17 9. Ethics as Factual
Science 20 10. Ethics Seeks Causal Explanation . . 22 11.
Formulation of the Fundamental Ques tion 26 12. The Method of
Ethics Is Psychological . 28 i II. WHAT ARE THE MOTIVES OF HUMAN
CON DUCT 31 1. Activity and Conduct 31 2. The Nature of the Act of
Will ... 33 ix CONTENTS HAPTER PAGE II. WHAT ARE THE MOTIVES OF
HUMAN CON DUCT Continued 3. The Concept of Will 35 4. The Law of
Motivation 36 5. In Proof of the Law of Motivation . . 41 6. The
Law of Motivation in the Case of Sacrifice 42 7. The Law of
Motivation in the Case of Heroism 45 8. Rebuttal of False
Objections and Ex planations 47 9. The Law of Motivation Is Not
Tautologous 51 10. The Law Expresses Significant Knowl edge 53 III.
WHAT Is EGOISM 56 1. Egoism Is Immoral ...... 56 2. Egoism and
Personal Welfare ... 57 3. The Nature of Impulse 59 4. Is Egoism an
Impulse 62 5. The Possibility of Imagining Personal States 65 6.
Egoism Is Not the Will to Pleasure . . 69 7. Egoism and the Impulse
of Self-Preser vation 72 8. Egoism as Inconsiderateness .... 73 9.
Moral Condemnation of Egoism . . 76 IV. WHAT Is THE MEANING OF
MORAL . . 79 i. The Morality of Demand and the Mo rality of Desire
79
This is one of the clearest expositions in laypersons terms of
Einstein's theory of relativity and its paradigm-shifting
implications for philosophy and common-sense notions of reality.
Moritz Schlick, the influential German philosopher and leader of
the positivist school of philosophy known as the Vienna Circle,
wrote this short work in 1919 specifically to introduce readers
unfamiliar with Einstein's theories to the profound importance of
the physicist's immense contributions. Einstein himself reviewed
Schlick's work before publication and is thanked in the preface for
'giving me many useful hints'. With a talent for illustrative
analogies and a concise, lucid style of presentation, Schlick
explains both the special and the general theories of relativity.
Beginning with the older Newtonian view of space, time, and the
laws governing matter, the author proceeds to show how Einstein's
theories solved certain problems inherent in the old view and
provided a radical new conception of reality. Since their original
publication, numerous experiments have confirmed Einstein's
ideas.;Thus, Schlick's work continues to be a valuable and highly
accessible explication of one of science's most enduring
achievements.
INTRODUCTION The present volume unites contributions by the leading
figure of the Vienna Circle and by two of his closest assoCiates,
contributions that deal with an area of thought represented,
indeed, in this Collection but certainly not the central one in the
common picture ofthe Circle's activities. It is no accident that an
interest in ethics and the philosophy of action was particularly
marked in what Neurath was apt to call the right wing of the
Circle. For them, as for Wittgenstein (the respected
mentorofSchlickandWaismanninparticular), theadvancetobehoped for in
philosophy consisted not solely in freeing natural science from a
confused sense of dependence on speculative metaphysics but also in
seeingthatotherareasoflanguageandaction hadto bethoughtaboutin
theirownterms, whichwereneitherthoseofnaturalsciencenorthoseof
philosophy as traditionally conceived. The scepticismofSchlick
about theprogrammeofUnifiedSciencewaswellknown: EinheizwissenschaJt
he called it, as it might be 'boozified science'. And in sober
truth the programme sometimes masked a left-wing set of values
taken (surely illogically) for granted, though the membersofthe
Circle entertained a wide range ofpolitical views. Schlick's own
contribution to the present volume is a section from
thenotesforoneofhisfinal lectureseries, forsightofwhich wewarmly
thanktheonlysurvivingcontributortoourvolume, DrJosephSchachter:
Schlick'sgrandsonDra. M. H. vandeVeldehaskindlyconsentedtotheir
publication. This section poses the problem we have outlined: there
are questionsandaneedforclarificationinethics, butthesenomoredemand
a metaphysical solution than does a similar situation in
epistemology. Here, as in his earlier Problems of Ethics, l Schlick
sets his face against thewholeprocess, mostobviousin Kant,
ofmakingtheconceptofvalue absolute. One might say that for Schlick
there is no unhypothetical imperative.
Die Allgemeine Erkenntnislehre gilt als das Hauptwerk von Moritz
Schlick. Hierin entwickelt Schlick in Auseinandersetzung mit
zeitgenossischen Positionen seine einflussreichen Gedanken zum
Wesen der Erkenntnis, zum Verhaltnis zwischen Psychologie und
Logik, zum Leib-Seele-Problem und zum erkenntnistheoretischen
Realismusstreit. Der Text wurde wahrend der fruhen Rostocker Jahre
Schlicks, von 1911 bis 1916, verfasst. Die Allgemeine
Erkenntnislehre ist ein Meilenstein der wissenschaftlichen
Philosophie und grundlegend fur die spatere Entwicklung des Wiener
Kreises des Logischen Empirismus. "
First published in Germany in 1918, this acutely reasoned treatise
attacks many of philosophys contemporary sacred cows, including the
concept of metaphysics and Kants arguments for synthetic a priori
knowledge. The book expounds most of the doctrines that would later
be identified with the classical period of the Vienna Circle.
Unlike many of his peers, Schlick displays a detailed and sensitive
knowledge of the traditions he criticizes, displayed here in the
chief work of this pioneering Viennese philosopher.
Seit beinahe einem Jahrhundert sind Mathematiker und Logiker mit
Erfolg bemuht, aus der Logik eine strenge Wissen. schaft zu machen.
Dieses Ziel ist in einem gewissen Sinn erreicht worden: man hat
gelernt, in der Logistik mit Symbolen und Formeln ahnlich denen der
Mathematik in strenger Weise zu operieren. Aber ein logisches Buch
muss ausser den Formeln auch Zwischentext enthalten, der mit Hilfe
der gewohnlichen Wort. sprache uber die Formeln spricht und ihren
Zusammenhang klar macht. Dieser Zwischentext lasst oft an Klarheit
und Exakt. heit manches zu wunschen ubrig. In den letzten Jahren
nun hat sich bei den Logikern verschiedener Richtungen immer mehr
die Einsicht entwickelt, dass dieser Zwischentext das Wesentliche
an der Logik ist und dass es darauf ankommt, fur diese Satze uber
Satze eine exakte Methode zu entwickeln. Dieses Buch will die
systematische Darstellung einer solchen Methode, der "logischen
Syntax," geben (nahere Erlauterungen in der Einleitung, 1, 2). In
unserem "Wiener Kreis" und in manchen ahnlich gerich. teten Gruppen
(in Polen, Frankreich, England, USA. und ver. einzelt sogar in
Deutschland) hat sich gegenwartig die Auffassung immer deutlicher
herausgebildet, dass die traditionelle meta. physische Philosophie
keinen Anspruch auf Wissenschaftlichkeit machen kann. Was an der
Arbeit des Philosophen wissenschaft. lich haltbar ist, besteht -
soweit es nicht empirische Fragen betrifft, die der
Realwissenschaft zuzuweisen sind - in logischer Analyse. Die
logische Syntax will nun ein Begriffsgebaude, eine Sprache liefern,
mit deren Hilfe die Ergebnisse logischer Analyse exakt formulierbar
sind. Philosophie wird durch Wissen."
This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book
may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages,
poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the
original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We
believe this work is culturally important, and despite the
imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of
our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works
worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in
the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.
Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer
Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfangen des Verlags
von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv
Quellen fur die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche
Forschung zur Verfugung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext
betrachtet werden mussen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor
1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen
Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.
Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer
Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfangen des Verlags
von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv
Quellen fur die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche
Forschung zur Verfugung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext
betrachtet werden mussen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor
1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen
Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.
Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer
Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfangen des Verlags
von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv
Quellen fur die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche
Forschung zur Verfugung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext
betrachtet werden mussen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor
1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen
Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.
This scarce antiquarian book is a selection from Kessinger
Publishing's Legacy Reprint Series. Due to its age, it may contain
imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed
pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we
have made it available as part of our commitment to protecting,
preserving, and promoting the world's literature. Kessinger
Publishing is the place to find hundreds of thousands of rare and
hard-to-find books with something of interest for everyone!
This scarce antiquarian book is a selection from Kessinger
Publishing's Legacy Reprint Series. Due to its age, it may contain
imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed
pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we
have made it available as part of our commitment to protecting,
preserving, and promoting the world's literature. Kessinger
Publishing is the place to find hundreds of thousands of rare and
hard-to-find books with something of interest for everyone!
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