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In 1976, volume 116 of the Lecture Notes in Economics and
Mathematical Systems appeared in the library of the University of
Illinois. The title of the book, Input-Output Analysis and the
Structure of Income Distribution was sufficiently intriguing to one
of the present editors (Hewings) to command attention. Some years
later, during the First World Congress of the Regional Science
Association in Cambridge Massachusetts in 1980, Madden and Batey
presented some of their work using their now familiar
demographic-economic modeling system. Discussion ensued about the
relationship between this system, Miyazawa's formulation and the
social accounting matrices most closely associated with the work of
Stone. During a year's residence at the University of Illinois,
Batey was able to produce a valuable typology of multipliers that
began the process of integrating these several modeling systems
into a coherent package. Thereafter, a number of regional
scientists have exploited the ideas and insights proposed by
Miyazawa, especially the notion of the interrelational income
multiplier and the ideas of internal and external multipliers.
Graham Clarke and Moss Madden 1. 1 Background In the mid 1990s
there were a number of papers in regional science that questioned
the relevance and purpose of the entire sub-discipline. Bailly and
Coffey (1994) for example, talked of 'regional science in crisis'.
They argued that there were two fundamental problems. First,
regional science was too theoretical in the sense that many of its
products were models that could neither be calibrated (too complex)
or operationalised (too abstract) in the real world. They suggested
that regional science had not sufficiently demonstrated that it can
address real-world problems and subsequently lacked a focus on
relevant policy issues. Second, they argued that regional science
had become too narrow in focus and had moved away too far from real
people and their daily concerns or struggles in life. This was not
the first time we had witnessed these sorts of arguments, both from
outside the discipline and from within. Sayer (1976) was perhaps
the first to argue for a shift from a model-based focus in regional
science to one based on political economy. Breheny (1984)
criticised the 'deep ignorance among regional scientists of the
nature of practical policy making and implementation' (see also
Rodwin (1987) for similar views in the mid 1980s). Such
self-reflection is a feature of many disciplines as they reach
maturity. There have been many similar reflections in geography
(Johnston 1996, Barnes 1996) and economics (see the collection in
the January edition of the Economic Journal 1991).
Graham Clarke and Moss Madden 1. 1 Background In the mid 1990s
there were a number of papers in regional science that questioned
the relevance and purpose of the entire sub-discipline. Bailly and
Coffey (1994) for example, talked of 'regional science in crisis'.
They argued that there were two fundamental problems. First,
regional science was too theoretical in the sense that many of its
products were models that could neither be calibrated (too complex)
or operationalised (too abstract) in the real world. They suggested
that regional science had not sufficiently demonstrated that it can
address real-world problems and subsequently lacked a focus on
relevant policy issues. Second, they argued that regional science
had become too narrow in focus and had moved away too far from real
people and their daily concerns or struggles in life. This was not
the first time we had witnessed these sorts of arguments, both from
outside the discipline and from within. Sayer (1976) was perhaps
the first to argue for a shift from a model-based focus in regional
science to one based on political economy. Breheny (1984)
criticised the 'deep ignorance among regional scientists of the
nature of practical policy making and implementation' (see also
Rodwin (1987) for similar views in the mid 1980s). Such
self-reflection is a feature of many disciplines as they reach
maturity. There have been many similar reflections in geography
(Johnston 1996, Barnes 1996) and economics (see the collection in
the January edition of the Economic Journal 1991).
In 1976, volume 116 of the Lecture Notes in Economics and
Mathematical Systems appeared in the library of the University of
Illinois. The title of the book, Input-Output Analysis and the
Structure of Income Distribution was sufficiently intriguing to one
of the present editors (Hewings) to command attention. Some years
later, during the First World Congress of the Regional Science
Association in Cambridge Massachusetts in 1980, Madden and Batey
presented some of their work using their now familiar
demographic-economic modeling system. Discussion ensued about the
relationship between this system, Miyazawa's formulation and the
social accounting matrices most closely associated with the work of
Stone. During a year's residence at the University of Illinois,
Batey was able to produce a valuable typology of multipliers that
began the process of integrating these several modeling systems
into a coherent package. Thereafter, a number of regional
scientists have exploited the ideas and insights proposed by
Miyazawa, especially the notion of the interrelational income
multiplier and the ideas of internal and external multipliers.
This book provides an account of developments and applications of
social accounts. It concentrates particularly on the methods of
social accounting that Richard Stone, Nobel Laureate in Economics,
developed and applied during his long and distinguished career. The
contributors to the volume examine applications of social accounts
in economics and demography, addressing issues of new formulations
and specifications at the national and regional levels. Economic
structure and issues of structural change are investigated within
the context of social accounts matrices, and Linear Expenditure
Systems are used to model population change and household
consumption. The importance of social accounts matrices (SAM) in
generating Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models and the
enormous potential that both SAM and CGE models have for policy
analysis are stressed.
This book provides a state-of-the-art account of developments and
applications of the social accounting methods that Richard Stone
developed and applied during his long and distinguished career,
focussing on applications of social accounts in economics and
demography, and addressing issues of new formulations and
specifications at both national and regional levels. One theme is
economic structure, and particularly issues of structural change,
focussing on: changes in final demand composition; fundamental
economic structure and hierarchical decomposition, all of these
within the context of social accounts matrices. Another theme
covers Economic-Demographic Relationships, with special focus on
extended input-output models, including consistency problems,
linking of macro- and micro-economic approaches and Linear
Expenditure Systems. The importance of Social Accounts Matrices in
generating Computable General Equilibrium models, and the enormous
potential that both SAM and CGE models have for policy analysis,
particularly in the interregional context, is also stressed.
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