Cognitive Intelligence with Neutrosophic Statistics in Bioinformatics investigates and presents the many applications that have arisen in the last ten years using neutrosophic statistics in bioinformatics, medicine, agriculture and cognitive science. This book will be very useful to the scientific community, appealing to audiences interested in fuzzy, vague concepts from which uncertain data are collected, including academic researchers, practicing engineers and graduate students. Neutrosophic statistics is a generalization of classical statistics. In classical statistics, the data is known, formed by crisp numbers. In comparison, data in neutrosophic statistics has some indeterminacy. This data may be ambiguous, vague, imprecise, incomplete, and even unknown. Neutrosophic statistics refers to a set of data, such that the data or a part of it are indeterminate in some degree, and to methods used to analyze the data.

This book focuses on early germination, one of maize germplasm most important strategies for adapting to drought-induced stress. Some genotypes have the ability to adapt by either reducing water losses or by increasing water uptake. Drought tolerance is also an adaptive strategy that enables crop plants to maintain their normal physiological processes and deliver higher economical yield despite drought stress. Several processes are involved in conferring drought tolerance in maize: the accumulation of osmolytes or antioxidants, plant growth regulators, stress proteins and water channel proteins, transcription factors and signal transduction pathways. Drought is one of the most detrimental forms of abiotic stress around the world and seriously limits the productivity of agricultural crops. Maize, one of the leading cereal crops in the world, is sensitive to drought stress. Maize harvests are affected by drought stress at different growth stages in different regions. Numerous events in the life of maize crops can be affected by drought stress: germination potential, seedling growth, seedling stand establishment, overall growth and development, pollen and silk development, anthesis silking interval, pollination, and embryo, endosperm and kernel development. Though every maize genotype has the ability to avoid or withstand drought stress, there is a concrete need to improve the level of adaptability to drought stress to address the global issue of food security. The most common biological strategies for improving drought stress resistance include screening available maize germplasm for drought tolerance, conventional breeding strategies, and marker-assisted and genomic-assisted breeding and development of transgenic maize. As a comprehensive understanding of the effects of drought stress, adaptive strategies and potential breeding tools is the prerequisite for any sound breeding plan, this brief addresses these aspects.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed proceedings of the Third International Multi-topic Conference on Communications, Technologies, Information Security and Sustainable Development, IMTIC 2013, held in Jamshoro, Pakistan, in December 2013. The 27 revised papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 140 submissions. The topics presented had a reasonable balance between theory and practice in multi-disciplined topics including wireless sensor networks, cloud computing, wireless communication, antenna design, signal processing, software engineering, image processing, bioinformatics and telemedicine, neural networks, automation and control, and green renewable energy.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the First International Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks for Developing Countries, WSN4DC 2013, held in Jamshoro, Pakistan, in April 2013. The 10 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 30 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on WSN applications/services for developing countries; mobile WSN; underwater WSN; VANETS; body area networks; energy harvesting in WSN; WSN and cloud integration; WSN and IoT; QoS and Qot; WSN MAC, network and transport protocols; cross layer approaches; security aspects in WSN; WSN applications in smart grid and energy management; WSN in structural health monitoring.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Second International Multi-topic Conference, IMTIC 2012, held in Jamshoro, Pakistan, in March 2012. The 51 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 205 submissions. The papers address topics from information communication technologies.

This book is designed to provide a comprehensive introduction to R programming for data analysis, manipulation and presentation. It covers fundamental data structures such as vectors, matrices, arrays and lists, along with techniques for exploratory data analysis, data transformation and manipulation. The book explains basic statistical concepts and demonstrates their implementation using R, including descriptive statistics, graphical representation of data, probability, popular probability distributions and hypothesis testing. It also explores linear and non-linear modeling, model selection and diagnostic tools in R. The book also covers flow control and conditional calculations by using ‘‘if’’ conditions and loops and discusses useful functions and resources for further learning. It provides an extensive list of functions grouped according to statistics classification, which can be helpful for both statisticians and R programmers. The use of different graphic devices, high-level and low-level graphical functions and adjustment of parameters are also explained. Throughout the book, R commands, functions and objects are printed in a different font for easy identification. Common errors, warnings and mistakes in R are also discussed and classified with explanations on how to prevent them.

This book introduces a number of new sampling plans, such as time truncated life tests, skip sampling plans, resubmitted plans, mixed sampling plans, sampling plans based on the process capability index and plans for big data, which can be used for testing and inspecting products, from the raw-materials stage to the final product, in every industry using statistical process control techniques. It also presents the statistical theory, methodology and applications of acceptance sampling from truncated life tests. Further, it discusses the latest reliability, quality and risk analysis methods based on acceptance sampling from truncated life, which engineering and statisticians require in order to make decisions, and which are also useful for researchers in the areas of quality control, lifetime analysis, censored data analysis, goodness-of-fit and statistical software applications. In its nine chapters, the book addresses a wide range of testing/inspection sampling schemes for discrete and continuous data collected in various production processes. It includes a chapter on sampling plans for big data and offers several illustrative examples of the procedures presented. Requiring a basic knowledge of probability distributions, inference and estimation, and lifetime and quality analysis, it is a valuable resource for graduate and senior undergraduate engineering students, and practicing engineers, more specifically it is useful for quality engineers, reliability engineers, consultants, black belts, master black belts, students and researchers interested in applying reliability and risk and quality methods.

Stresses create barriers in normal growth and developmental processes of plants. Plant life cycle is distorted variably depending upon severity of stress, type of stress and growth stage of plant. Among stresses drought is most severe regarding adverse effects to the agricultural crop productivity at Global level. Among cereals, maize is very important cereal due to multiple utilization for versatile purposes. Drought also affects the maize as it does with other crops so, there is dire need to recognize the effects of drought on maize in detail. This book is typically focusing on interference by drought in maize life cycle. Determination of possible effects on a plant enables the researcher to explore the resources to ameliorate the adverse effects of stress. Furthermore, recognition of plant traits to exploit in breeding, selection and screening of germplasm is also very critical stage in-order to identify suitable traits. This book also include the traits to be used as selection criteria for improvement against drought stress in maize.

Wielandt subgroup of a group G is defined to be the intersection of all subnormal subgroups of G. This subgroup was introduced in 1958 by H. Wielandt. GAP provides a programming language and a library of thousands of functions written in GAP language to implement the algorithms on Group Theory. Since 1992, many user contributed programs called Packages have been distributed by GAP. This book is also an effort to contribute to Computational Group Theory as GAP Package. These algorithms helps to compute the various Wielandt subgroups and series of a finite group G, like Wielandt, Generalized Wieladnt, Strong Wielandt, pWielandt, and pStrong Wielandt subgroups and series of a finite group G. T Groups can also be studied with these algorithms.

The Bayesian approach to analyze different statistical models has developed great interest among analysts. Posterior distribution is the workbench of the Bayesian statisticians. It is obtained when prior information is combined with likelihood. Therefore the prior information is necessary for the Bayesian approach. The prior information is purely subjective assessment of an expert before any data have been observed. So here we consider different informative and non-informative priors and compare them to see which one is more suitable for our proposed model. The effort of current study is to explore the heterogeneous population using the Bayesian analysis for simple and mixture of the Maxwell distribution when data is censored and uncensored. Various types of comparisons of prior distributions for the parameter of the Maxwell distribution and loss functions are illustrated. We also consider Type I mixture of the Maxwell distribution which is member of the subclass of the exponential family. As an extension to this work, a comparisons of different loss functions are made. Moreover we have derived the limiting expressions for the Bayes estimators with their variances.

Fog is a natural phenomenon and is formed when water vapours in the air near the surface begin to condense into liquid water. Fog occurs over Punjab (Pakistan), during winter months of November, December and January. The aim of this study was to investigate the dense fog events and also to find the reasons of this prolonged fog. This prolonged/unusual fog affects the air and road traffic badly. Many accidents take place because of poor visibility and many people lose their lives. Using 30-year (1976-2005) real meteorological data of 10-weather stations, four dense fog years were investigated. Daily, ten-days and monthly temperature and moisture data of these four years showed significant changes during the fog events. It is observed that day time temperature decreases and night time temperature increases during fog events but the mean temperature remains below 15.5 degrees Celsius, mean relative humidity examined more than 80% for the north Punjab and more than 70% for the south Punjab and throughout the fog period, daily saturatain vapour pressure deficit found below 1hpa and with these conditions, dense fog events could be predicted precisely for next 24-48 hours

This research was conducted to elucidate the effect of various planting seasons and macro nutritional NPK levels on growth, yield and vase life of carnation. The experiment was envisaged in Floriculture Research area, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. The results indicated that the overall best performance of carnation production such as plant height, number of branches per plant, length of branches, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, NPK contents, flower diameter, flower quality and vase life was due to T2 (5:10:10 g pot-1 NPK). Whereas, planting season S1 (16th Nov.) showed better results for indices like plant height, number of branches per plant, length of branches, number of leaves per plant, NPK contents, flower diameter, fresh weight of flower, fresh and dry weight ratio and flower quality as compared to planting season S2 (15th February).

Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) is the most important and commonly associated with tomato crop and is distributed throughout Pakistan. To combat this problem, tomato lines/varieties screened against the tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), in relation to epidemiological factors and different plant extracts (A. indica, A. aspera and W. somnifera) were evaluated for their efficacy to manage the disease.The most effective plant extract was A indica at 1% concentration to reduce disease.

This book is an investigation into the contribution of bilingualism to learning English as a foreign language; it proves that the limited and judicious use of mother tongue in EFL classroom does not reduce students' communicative ability but can assist in teaching learning process. It proposes an explanation for this, based on the historical development of bilingualism over time that has remained the dominant practice in English language classes in developing countries. Moreover, it seeks to understand whether teachers and the learners who do have another language draw on it in ways relevant to the teaching of English, and to suggest reasons why learners' and teachers' languages are disregarded in the teaching and learning process. In doing so, the book draws on key bodies of literature in bilingualism, second language acquisition and critical studies in an attempt to provide a framework for research.

NaCl stress has reached to its alarming state in the history of various regions of Pakistan. Vegetable production is now a problem in salt affected areas of Pakistan. Especially onion is also sensitive to salt stress. In this way the present study was planned to check the effect of salt stress on different cultivars of onion. It proved a significant effect on the growth and physiology of onion. That ultimately affects the yield.

Excessive accumulation of soluble salts in soil suppresses plant growth and productivity so an efficient and simple screening technique for selection of available okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) genotypes for salt tolerance was executed. Seeds of eight okra genotypes were grown in pot culture under protected environment of lath house. Twenty days old seedlings were exposed to salinity under control, 20, 40, 60 and 80 mM NaCl. Results revealed that increasing salinity caused reduction in plant height, number of leaves, fresh and dry weights as well as gas exchange characteristics like photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance of okra. Na contents were higher in salt sensitive genotypes as compared to tolerant one. Okra genotypes OH-2324 and OH-597 spectacled best performance in all the measured parameters and grouped under salt tolerant cultivars while OH-152 and OH-809 were aggravated in maintaining normal functioning at higher salinity levels thus proved to be salt sensitive.

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a green pod-bearing plant belongs to family leguminosae. Peas are highly rich in protein, manganese, dietary fiber, vitamin C, vitamin K, vitamin B1 and folate. The high amount of vitamin K1 from green peas makes them very important for bone health. Peas are widely grown as a cool season vegetable crop. Pea plants are highly sensitive to the summer heat. Moringa leaf is also a rich source of ascorbates, carotenoids, phenolics, potassium and calcium which have plant growth promoting capabilities and are being applied as exogenous plant growth enhancers. Antioxidants such as ascorbic acid and glutathione, which are found at high concentrations in moringa chloroplasts and other cellular compartments, are crucial for plant defense against oxidative stress. It is therefore hypothesized that leaf extract from moringa, having a number of plant growth promoters, mineral nutrients and vitamins in a naturally balanced composition, which may promote the pea growth and extend its fruit bearing period. This study was conducted to monitor the impact of exogenous application of MLE (moringa leaf extract) on the growth and yield performance of pea.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a starchy, tuberous crop belongs to Solanaceae family (also known as the Nightshades). Potatoes are the world's fourth largest food crop, following rice, wheat, and maize. Genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species suggest that the potato has a single origin in the area of southern Peru, from a species Solanum brevicaule complex. Soil health is a crucial factor for obtaining higher yield of vegetable crops. Poor soil health, soil structure, reduced microbial activities may result in deduction in plant growth and yield. To improve soil health, structure, fertility and productivity organic materials such as farm yard manure, compost, sewerage sludge and municipal waste has been used. Chemical fertilizers are also used to obtained sustainable productivity. To feed huge some of population, it is imperative to improve crop productivity with least effect on environment. This could only be achieved by the integration of conventional and non conventional approaches. This study was initiated to monitor the effects of humic acid and hydrogel on growth and yield performance of potato under general field conditions.

Moringa extract is blessed with a variety of vital plant growth substances. These plant growth substances are responsible for different physiological activities in plants. These plant growth substances are endogenously produced in the plant, but foliar application of moringa extract increases endogenous levels of these plant growth substances (Hormone). That ultimately boost the growth and yield of pea.

Fruit production has been the earliest of food sources meeting the needs of human race for centuries. Owing to varied climate under the sun, the fruit production has also got wide range in fruit types, nutritional values and production technologies. Citriculture has emerged as one of the major fruit production industries in the world. Like the other fruits, citrus is known for its versatility in use. It is used as fresh fruit, its peel is used for the extraction of essential oils, pulp in extraction of juices and also along with peel, used to prepare jams, jellies and marmalades. Owing to the ever increasing pressure from population explosion, the need has arisen to improve the crop to meet the demands which have a direct relation with galloping population of the global world of 21st century. In this research, I have been searching for an efficient procedure for callus induction, regenerative ability from different explants in Citrus reticulata Blanco, in order to provide a basis for genetic improvement. I have studied the effects of different growth regulators on callus initiation from different explants and shoot and root development from calli.

According to WHO studies, approximately 170 million individuals of the world population are diagnosed to be infected with Hepatitis C virus. Unfortunately around 20 % of these patients experience progressive liver disease leading to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma over 20 to 40 years. Interferon-alpha and ribavirin combination therapy is the standard treatment for chronic hepatitis C. These drugs may trigger production of different types of non-specific and specific autoantibodies. Thyroid dysfunction, which has been reported to occur from 3.9-33.33%, is the most common autoimmune disorder associated with combination therapy. Therefore, it is necessary that thyroid functions are monitored during therapy and the course of thyroid disease is watched for once autoimmune thyroid disorder develops. This book highlights the effects of Interferon and ribavirin on thyroid functions, its pathogenesis, clinical features and outcome through a cohort study carried out on chronic hepatitis C patients.

Gibberellic acid GA3 is a naturally occurring growth harmone. It hastens the growth by augmenting cell division. Cell division is facilitated by improved cell membrane elasticity by the application of gibberellic acid. Foliar feeding of gibberellic acid is ideal for plants having indeterminate growth habit in which vegetative and reproductive growth runs simultaneously. Okra is such a plant whose yield potential can be improved by foliar application of gibberellic acid. In addition to this gibberellic acid is an endogenously produced growth substance. So its foliar feeding is totally eco-friendly.

Planting geometry (45 cm apart single rows x 8 cmplant to plant distance with in row), supplying ofirrigation water at 80 % available soil moisturedepletion of field capacity cum de-topping (removalof 2 cm growing tips) at 70 days after sowing, fertilizer banding cum seed inoculation withbiofertilizer, flat sowing with hand weeding at 30and 60 days after sowing and application of growthregulator (NAA) @ 200 ml ha-1 in three split doses,45, 90 and 135 days after sowing could improvechickpea seed yield up to 43.77 % by applying modernproduction technolog

Wheat is the most widely grown crop in the world and is sown over a wide range of sowing dates in various cropping systems. Sowing time as a crop management tool played a significant contribution towards the wheat grain yield, reflecting the importance of the selection of optimum sowing time. The genotypes also behaved variably. This book, elucidated some important parameters that can be used as yield predictors of the crop. To further clarify, a validated APSIM model was used for understanding and analyzing optimum sowing time, genotype and climatic behavior. The simulation results explained the vulnerability of crop and a relationship of climate and wheat yield variability. The book, therefore, depicts the successful use of the simulation approach to understand crop bio-dynamism, climate and crop management simultaneously to explore the potential yield of wheat in a given environment.