This book explains the basic and fundamental aspects of nanotechnology and the potential use of nanostructured photocatalysts in various applications, especially in the context of the environment and energy harvesting. It describes the preparation and characterization of unique nanostructured photocatalysts and provides details of their catalytic action, and also discusses the design of new types of photocatalysts with controlled nanostructures. Given its broad scope, the book will appeal to academic and industrial researchers interested in heterogeneous photocatalysis, sustainable chemistry, energy conversion and storage, nanotechnology, chemical engineering, environmental protection, optoelectronics, sensors and surface and interface science.

Nanotechnology and Photocatalysis for Environmental Applications focuses on nanostructured control, synthesis methods, activity enhancement strategies, environmental applications, and perspectives of semiconductor-based nanostructures. The book offers future guidelines for designing new semiconductor-based photocatalysts, with low cost and high efficiency, for a range of products aimed at environmental protection. The book covers the fundamentals of nanotechnology, the synthesis of nanotechnology, and the use of metal oxide, metal sulfide, and carbon-based nanomaterials in photocatalysis. The book also discusses the major challenges of using photocatalytic nanomaterials on a broad scale. The book then explores how photocatalytic nanomaterials and nanocomposites are being used for sustainable development applications, including environmental protection, pharmaceuticals, and air purification. The final chapter considers the recent advances in the field and outlines future perspectives on the technology. This is an important reference for materials scientists, chemical engineers, energy scientists, and anyone looking to understand more about the photocatalytic potential of nanomaterials, and their possible environmental applications.

During the past half century, Christian-Muslim dialogue has turned from a riverlet into a roaring river, from an occasional conference to numerous meetings, oral and written exchanges and round table discussions taking place year round in almost every corner of the globe, from Australia and Malaysia to the Arab world, from Europe to America and Canada, from Africa to Asia. To achieve the same goals and consequently modern trends in Christianity, Catholic Bishops started dialogue in Pakistan in 1986. In this regard, many Christian institutes and organizations became active. There came into being some Muslim Organizations as well. Now Muslims and Christians are at work for dialogue, the latter being more active as they consider dialogue as an essential part of their mission. The Christians in Pakistan are financed and supported by the Western countries so that they may successfully struggle for achieving their objectives. They also aim at safeguarding their rights. As far as Muslims are concerned, they have no effective organization for such activities. That is the reason which urged the researcher to go for research on Muslim-Christian dialogue in the context of Pakistan.

This project is about building an automated robot which will find its track on its own, and will also sense the stairs and climb it. It will be able to overcome any obstacle that comes in its way. Nowadays engineers are trying to solve daily routine problems with the concept of engineering, and making the lives of people easier and easier. The concept of robots are getting more and more popular these days, as they prove more efficient than humans. Today robots are also used for fun and games, and numbers of tournaments are also arranged on the games based on robotics. So it's a machine which provides work, knowledge and entertainment as well. The main concept of this project is to reduce the human presence in dangerous areas; it can also be used in space programs and can also come handy in rescue missions.

The objective of the study is to check the impacts of leadership roles in context to employee motivation, to determine whether different motivational factors play any role in motivation level or not and to determine the outcomes of motivation. The employees of University of Gujrat (UOG) are selected as population and data was collected using questionnaire from the sample population using convenient sampling. On the basis of the statistical interpretations of the data it has been determined that different leadership roles are playing important role in the motivation level of the UOG employees and Hertzberg's motivational factors have significant impact on employee motivation and different motivational factors are correlated with one and other. The study of employee motivation is concluded that employees have motivation level of four out of five based on the descriptive and frequency statistics. The results of this study show that variables gender and educational level have no significance impact on the motivation level.

This study was conducted to develop an Inclusive Schooling Model and an implementation plan for prevention of dropout at primary school level. Before working on this segment of the study, causes of primary school dropout were explored. Primary school dropouts, their parents and teachers were surveyed for this purpose. In the light of all reported causes, an inclusive schooling model was being proposed which can help Pakistani stakeholders to eradicate the causes of dropout and prevent the children from dropping out before completion of primary education. They may become potential learners for high school education and perform better socially, morally, economically and politically in the society. This model primarily focuses on professional, school and social transformation for the improvement of existing schools. A plan of implementation from federal level to school level was also proposed. This model is pedestaled on United Nation's and other international declarations as well as The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (1973).

Assessment of Quality of Life for the survivors of chronic diseases is considered an important outcome for understating their well-beings and for implementation of best treatment options. Such assessments are usually taken by a number of items covering all dimensions of Quality of life relative to the disease. Generally the responses of collected items are at ordinal categorical scale representing Quality of Life or well-beings of survivors in ordinal fashion. These ordinal items, when combined, to get summary score, usually results non-normal data distribution. Ordinal regression models are appropriate in these situations. In this study, proportional odd models with logit link function were used to model the ordinal response variables with explanatory variable(s). The main objective of the study was to assess the well-beings (physical, social, psychological and spirituals) and Quality of Life of the females' breast cancer survivors and to determine the factors effecting well-beings (physical, social, psychological and spirituals) and Quality of Life of Pakistani breast cancer survivors females.

The dog is globally recognized as the man's first domesticated animal because of its fidelity, loyalty, obedience and pleasant disposition. Since the beginning of human civilization, they have been bred and selected for different purposes like guards, sports and reserve of wounded humans. Helminthes are classified into tapeworms (cestodes), roundworm and trematodes (flukes). Helminthiasis is one of the most important animal diseases worldwide, resulting great production and health losses in animals. Among the dogs, roundworms are active in the intestines of puppies, often causing a pot-bellied appearance and poor growth. The worms may be seen in vomit or stool; a severe infestation can cause death by intestinal blockage.

Earias vitella Fab.(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is widely distributed in North Africa, India, Pakistan and is a serious pest of cotton. It causes heavy damage to the American cotton and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), and some other malvaceous plants. Considering the economic importance of spotted bollworm in our agro ecosystem, an investigation has been carried out to examine the ecotoxicological effects of agrochemicals on the biological parameters of E. vitella (F). Five agrochemicals were applied e.g. Salicylic acid, Pix, Cyhalothrin, Match, Runner, respectively. It may be concluded that among the five agrochemicals evaluation, Match and cyhalothrin were more toxic and have long lasting effects on biological parameters of E. vitella (Fab.) in the laboratory conditions. It is suggested that match and cyhalothrin are the two more toxic insecticides.These should be avoided on vegetables and other crops. Biological and cultural control methods should be practiced for better and safe environment

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of biological control of sugarcane stem borer (Chilo infuscatellus Snellen) with an egg parasite Trichogramma chilonis in sugarcane crop. Experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with five treatments i.e. (T1; 30,000eggs/acre, T2; 40,000eggs/acre, T3; 50,000, T4; 60,000 eggs per acre and T5; Control) having three replications each. Experiment was conducted at Chack No.109 G.B. near Jaranwala, District Faisalabad, Punjab. Data regarding mean infestation was recorded at the same time from the control plot and from the biologically treated plots at fortnightly intervals starting from July 15, 2005 to October 15, 2005. The results revealed that the infestation of sugarcane stem borer was reduced up to 84% when Trichogramma chilonis eggs were applied at the rate of 60,000 eggs per acre. So it is concluded that Trichogramma chilonis (Egg parasitized) can successfully be used for the suppression of sugarcane stem borer.

New chemical synthetic route for the fabrication of metal oxide nanostructures and their structural, optical, electrical and electrochemical properties are presented. Chemical solution deposition method was used to control the phase and crytallinity by varying the growth temperature and time. Detailed characterizations of the crystal structure, chemical composition, and morphology of the as-synthesized products were carried out using adequate techniques. The mechanism governing the direct growth of oxide nanostructures on conducting and insulating substrates is studied. Field emission, electrochemical and photocatalytic properties of as-synthesized nanostructures are described in this work. This study reveals the excellent photocatalytic, electrochemical and field emission properties of vanadates nanowires with fairly low turn-on field and high current emission capability.

The nanostructures of transition metal oxides have gained considerable attention for energy storage devices as they can deliver high levels of electrical power and offer long operating lifetimes, but their specific capacitance is too low for many important applications. The poor conductivity of metal oxides limits the charge/discharge rate for high energy/power densities and the specific capacitance severely decreases under high current. In this book we proposed a simple and an efficient method to improve the conductivity of metal oxide nanowires based electrodes by interweaving nanowires with MWCNTs to form hybrid energy storage devices which allow fast electron transport, fast ion diffusion and high-energy storage densities. In addition MWCNTs can accommodate large strain without pulverization, provide good electronic contact and conduction, display short ions insertion distances and make them promising candidates as electrodes in high-performance energy storage devices.

The study examines two parallel hypotheses no. 1 "The relationship between international trade and economic growth" and no. 2 "The relationship between international trade and poverty reduction" in Pakistan. The objective of the first part of the study is to explore the impact of trade liberalization on economic growth with various covariates. The model contains real GDP per capita for economic growth, trade as share of GDP and the control variables such as financial development, government spending, annual inflation, remittances and manufacturing as shares of GDP are also used as determinants of economic growth for the period of 1973 - 2007. The second part of the study investigates the link between international trade and poverty reduction along with several independent variables. The model contains head count ratio for poverty, trade as share of GDP and the other determinants of poverty like real GDP per capita, consumer price index proxy for inflation, total investment, and agriculture as shares of GDP and urbanization as share of total population are also used.

This study was conducted to explore the causes of primary school dropout in Pakistani context. Dropouts, their parents and teachers were surveyed for the purpose. School and individual factors emerged as the major causes of students' dropout from primary schools. Student's socioeconomic status, grade retention, difficulties in learning, lack of interest in studies, unfriendly school, lack of basic facilities in school, teacher's hostile attitude with students were the causes identified by the dropouts. School, student and family based causes forced the parents to make decision of withdrawal of their brood from school before completion of primary education. Primary school teachers were of the opinion that the leading causes which forced the child to leave school were parental carelessness, poor parental economic condition, grade retention, student's out of school company, truancy, difficulty in learning, student's preference for child labor over studies, inability to continue learning, psychological problems, illiteracy of parents and student's poor health. Curriculum seemed out dated, irrelevant and inflexible. The teachers' professional training and commitment was a question mark.

Cancer is a group of diseases in which cells grow and divide aggressively without beyond to normal limits, invade and destroy adjacent tissues and spread to other locations in the body. Cancer is usually classified according to the tissue from which the cancerous cells originate. Cancer cells continue to grow and divide so they are different from normal cells. Cancer may affect people at all ages, even fetuses, but risk for the more common varieties tends to increase with age. Cancer causes about 13% of all deaths. A definitive diagnosis usually requires the histological examination of a tissue biopsy specimen by a pathologist. A tumor marker is a substance found in the blood, urine, or body tissues that can be elevated in cancer, among other tissue types. The objectives of this research project are to preliminary screening of population in order to determine prevalence of cancer by using tumor markers and to diagnose cancer at early stage, when it is most curable.

The book is about the anthropological inquiry in the domain of politics, that would opened the way to delineate the ethnic issues with ethnicists' and nationalists' own perspective. However, by focusing on the role of intelligentsia and nationalists to conceive nationalist doctrine and then made possible the outreach of that doctrine is unique way of looking 'into past through present' by focusing on the status of contemporary Saraiki nationalism. The search for an ideological basis of the Pakistani state or nation has to go beyond Islamic universalism and the two-nation theory and look for a non-coercive territorial Pakistani identity born out of the free interplay of diverse ethnic identities that throng the Pakistani socio-cultural universe. However, the research is comprehensive that not only enfolds the relationship of language with identity, culture, ethnicity, and nationalism and emergence of ethno-lingual nationalist movements along with real causes of ethnicity in Pakistan, but also comprehensively understands the emergence and establishment of Saraiki nationalism, the cultural, political and administrative grievances of Saraiki community.