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This book states identification conditions to reveal the dynamic
effects of monetary policy shocks on the non-policy variables for
Pakistan. It finds that increase in money has generated unusual
inflationary episodes. The results confirm remarkable differences
in the monetary policy transmission mechanism. The Central Bank can
exercise an effective control on inflation by adjusting output
growth forecasts in the middle of the three threshold periods
identified in this study. The monetary authority mainly relies on
encouraging demand and supply shocks to restore inflation to its
desired long-run level. This analysis implies that only a small
proportion of the observed repetitive variation is attributable to
random variation in policy and the real policy effect is smaller
than usual belief. Pakistan's experience with monetary policy
supports the existence of the so-called Price Puzzle. This analysis
also shows that interest rate based policy has been much more
sensitive to exogenous shocks; responding not only to current or
lagged inflation but also to expected inflation and output
stability.
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is an important fruit plant of Indo-Pak
subcontinent and known to be cultivated since ages. Although soil
and climatic conditions are suitable in Pakistan particularly in
the Punjab and Sindh provinces but diseases are some of the
significant causes of its low production. The low per hectare yield
of mango may be attributed to lack of effective control of diseases
including die back of mango not only affect the yield of mango but
also deteriorate the fruit quality. Lack of information about
recommended harvesting and post-harvest technologies to the growers
are other factors that affect the quality of mango. To attain the
aim of high production, problems in mango cultivation are needed to
be minimized. Mango plant comes under the attack of different
decline disorders. Out of which die back disorder is very common in
mango orchards of Pakistan and is becoming more destructive and
getting significant importance by the mango growers.
Library profession especially in Pakistan is under developing
stage. It is pertinent to grasp the trends which not only change
the face of the libraries but re-shaped the librarian's role in new
information society. The purpose of the study is to discover the
status of the job market for Library Professionals in Sindh,
Pakistan, and to examine the job titles used in advertisements.
Content analysis was applied to discover the status of the LIS job
market. LIS Professional vacancies from 2004-2008 in four leading
newspapers were analysis. There were 282 announcements during that
time.
Medicinal plants have a vital role in the developing countries for
the human and livestock health. Poonch division is mountainous
region of Azad Jammu & Kashmir-Pakistan; its diverse
geo-ecological conditions reflect huge diversity in medicinal and
aromatic plants ranging from herbs to large trees. Effort was made
to explore and characterize the potential of various native
profitable medicinal and aromatic plants for conservation and
documentation. As a result of exploration survey, information was
gathered from local communities and plants were selected from
various diverse sites likewise thick forest, rangeland and from the
mountainous tracks of study areas. The following medicinal plants
viz., Kanwar Gandal, Kangi, Maiden Hair furn, Bhang, Amla, Timber,
Neem, Dhania, Sumbal, Kochmach, Harnoli, Banfsha, Saffron, Saunf,
Datura, Geani and Podina were collected and characterized. Present
study would be beneficial to provide quality raw material for our
pharmaceutical industry and better return to the local communities.
In the last few years, there is a rapid growth in the area of
wireless communications and the demand of limited wireless spectrum
has increased significantly. In early days, the spectrum was
assigned by following static allocation schemes. This fixed
spectrum assignment policy results in under-utilization of scarce
radio spectrum.The study by Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
shows that the spectrum is available but its usage is not
efficient. Cognitive Radio is a new technology that increases the
utilization of available spectrum by implementing dynamic
allocation schemes.In this book, an Opportunistic Cognitive MAC
Protocol (OC-MAC) has been proposed for the Cognitive Radio
Networks to access the unoccupied spectrum opportunistically and
coexist with Ad hoc Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN).By
implementing OC-MAC protocol, the utilization of spectrum increases
significantly while collision rate among different types of users
remains under acceptable level. All simulation scenarios are
developed in OPNET v14.5 Network simulator and simulation results
are collected for multiple scenarios; under light and heavy traffic
to check the performance of the OC-MAC protocol.
Inferring three-dimensional (3D) shape of real objects from visual
information belongs to the main domain of the computer vision
applications. Shape From Focus (SFF) is one of the passive methods
that uses focus as a cue to infer the 3D structure of the object.
In SFF, the objective is to find out the depth by measuring the
distance of well-focused position of each object point from the
camera lens. A sequence of images is acquired either by displacing
the object in small steps or by changing the focal length of the
lens in the camera. First, a focus measure, which is a criterion
that can effectively measure the focus quality, is applied on each
image pixel of the sequence. An initial depth map is obtained by
maximizing the focus measure along the optical axis. In order to
refine the initial depth estimate, different approximation and
machine learning techniques have been used. In this book, various
focus measures and SFF techniques based on machine learning
approaches are discussed.
Inhalation of radon (222Rn) and its daughter products can cause
lung cancer to human beings. Recent studies in different countries
have shown that radon and its short lived progenies contribute the
largest fraction of dose received by the general public from the
environment. This makes the role of radon measurement in dwellings
highly critical in monitoring human health and safety. An enhanced
radon concentration had been observed in soil, air and water
samples above many fault zones of the world. It is also revealed
that radon concentration changes in conjunction with the
earthquake. The detailed literature review on radon concentration
levels in fault zone areas of the world is given in this book. Also
the study of indoor radon concentration levels in the fault zone
areas of Khyber Pukhtoonkwa is also presented. This book will help
the graduate students and teachers doing research in environmental
radiation dosimetery field.
Growth media employed to culture Aspergillus niger for the
production of enzyme were developed and fermentation conditions was
optimized through various trials. Substrate water ratio, different
nitrogen source and concentration of nitrogen source were
optimized. It was observed that addition of 25% potato extract and
0.3% urea enhanced the production of - amylase by Aspergillus
niger. Maximum enzyme activity was observed (102.59 IU/ml/min) in
flask level at pH 4 and 37 C temperature. These optimized
conditions of growth media was again used in Air-Lift fermenter and
determined the activity (116.5 IU/ml/min) that is greater than
flask level. This is due to proper aeration and proper temperature
in Air-lift fermenter.
Discharge of heavy metals from metal processing industries is known
to have unfavorable effects on the environment. Conventional
treatment technologies for removal of heavy metals from aqueous
solution are not economical and generate huge quantity of toxic
chemical sludge. Biosorption of heavy metals is an innovative and
alternative technology for removal of these pollutants from aqueous
solution. The study was aimed to quantify the Cr (VI) sorption
ability of Baker's yeast at the best operating conditions. The
optimum pH for biosorption of Cr (VI) ions was found to be 3.0. The
percentage removal Cr (VI) ions from solution was decreased with
increase in concentration from 10 to 50 mg/L whereas, uptake
capacity was increased with increase in concentration of Cr (VI)
ions from 10 to 50 mg/L. The percentage removal and biosorption
capacity increased with increases time from 3-24 hrs then become
constant. Uptake capacity "q" (mg/g) of Cr (VI) ions decreased with
increased biosorbent dose. Higher value of correlation coefficient
(R2
Biosorption is being demonstrated as a useful alternative to
conventional systems for the removal of toxic metals from
industrial effluents. Metal affinity to the biomass can be increase
by pre treating the biomass with different chemicals. Current study
was deigned to assess the Ni(II) and CCu(II) removal capability of
two microfungi viz. Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus arrhizus.
Biomass of both fungal species was pretreated with alkalies, acids
and detergents. For the successful application of biosorption
crucial parameters like influence of initial metal ion
concentration and desorption/reutilization were also performed. To
check the practical potential of adsorbents, metal uptake
capability of test fungal biosorbents was assessed with real
industrial effluents. This book is useful for those who are working
on treatment of wastewater using fungal biomass.
Present manuscript determines prevalence, etiology and efficacy of
a therapeutic protocol against mastitis in she camels of central
Punjab-Pakistan. 400 milk samples (200 each from district
Faisalabad and Jhang) from udder quarters of different breeds were
collected. Surf Field Mastitis test was used to assess prevalence
of subclinical mastitis, which was, in Distt. Faisalabad 41.5%
while it was 38.5% in Distt. Jhang, while, clinical mastitis was 7%
in both the districts. Staphylococcus and streptococcus were the
major cause of mastitis. 12 different antibiotics were tested for
their sensitivity against the bacterial isolates recovered from the
milk samples of Mareecha, Desi and crossbred she camels.
Oxytetracycline was the most effective in vitro antibiotics.
Bacteriological cure rate was 64.2% and 78.75% of the treated
quarters of clinically mastitic she camels at the 7 and 14th days
of post treatment, while bacteriological cure rate in subclinical
mastitic dromedaries was 93.75% and 100% at the 7 and 14th days of
post treatment in both the districts. Combination therapy with
antibiotics proved effective in treatment of clinical and
subclinical mastitis in she camels.
The major part of this book examines the impact of Khushhali Bank
Limited (KBL), the largest microfinance bank with a huge network of
branches all across the country, on the socio-economic
characteristics of beneficiary women and to study the improvement
in their economy and social status.The findings suggest that
micro-credit has positive impact on women socio-economic status and
empowerment.It increases to some extent self- confidence and
feelings of identity for women in the society.The study also
entailed lack of centralized system between the microfinance
institutions that increased the risk of dual loaning.
This manual has been designed keeping in view the general
requirements SUIT course syllabus for Principles of Marketing. The
book covers concepts such as basic approaches to marketing,
Product, Price, Placement and Promotion and helps build conceptual
background with emphasis on Practical applications. Care has been
taken to keep the language simple and approach integrated to help
students learn above the language barrier.
There have been few studies on brand extensions in a Pakistan
context. In this book, we study brand extensions in Pakistan from
viewpoint of Brand Managers as their analysis coupled with their
personal preferences can provide interesting insights for forming a
successful brand extension strategy.Since T. Gamble first published
an article about brand extensions (1967) there has been a growing
interest for the topic. With the passage of time the in-built
benefits of brand extensions in terms of cost and higher success
rates were captured by companies in developing countries like
Pakistan. In this book, we make theoretical arguments for, and show
empirically that growth may not be the ultimate objective for
companies in Pakistan. Instead, companies are compelled to follow
the bandwagon so to match competitors. It has been indicated that
small firms might be in a better position to take advantage of
below-the-line promotions in comparison to larger firms.
Cannibalization of sales due to brand extensions was described to
be non-existent in Pakistan until a company embarks on e-commerce
initiative.
This book shows the way to micro businesses how to build or
transform their business into a social media-enabled enterprise
where consumers, employees and prospects connect, collaborate and
champion their products or services. Every business can use this
emerging media to increase their bottom line figures through sales
and this book will show you how.PART ONE introduces the concept of
micro business and explains how marketing in small firms in not a
miniature of large businesses. PART TWO refreshes the conventional
marketing practices in a step wise manner. PART THREE offers a
detailed description of social media marketing and how it enables
to strengthen the relationship building process. PART FOUR shows
whether or not it is the right time for small business to embark on
social media bandwagon. In simple words this book will show you how
to harness the collective wisdom and the viral nature of your
stakeholders and how to steal a lead from your competitors on the
social media landscape.
Superpowers have always been the most energetic products of
proactive civilizations that strive to influence vast regions of
the world - positively in their era of ascendance and negatively
when they are on the downward slope. An aging civilization either
leads to a period of anarchy or gives way to the meteoric rise of
another powerful civilization. Modern sages have been warning of a
major polar shift that may cost the world not only its present day
civilization but more importantly what is likely to throw the whole
human race into massive sociopolitical turmoil. The blasphemous
Danish cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad have unwittingly raised the
issue of how to protect this civilization. Here is the answer. This
exhaustive analysis of a period of about six months covering events
preceding the commissioning of the Danish cartoons offers a view
from a vantage point visited by few modern thinkers.
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