This book states identification conditions to reveal the dynamic effects of monetary policy shocks on the non-policy variables for Pakistan. It finds that increase in money has generated unusual inflationary episodes. The results confirm remarkable differences in the monetary policy transmission mechanism. The Central Bank can exercise an effective control on inflation by adjusting output growth forecasts in the middle of the three threshold periods identified in this study. The monetary authority mainly relies on encouraging demand and supply shocks to restore inflation to its desired long-run level. This analysis implies that only a small proportion of the observed repetitive variation is attributable to random variation in policy and the real policy effect is smaller than usual belief. Pakistan's experience with monetary policy supports the existence of the so-called Price Puzzle. This analysis also shows that interest rate based policy has been much more sensitive to exogenous shocks; responding not only to current or lagged inflation but also to expected inflation and output stability.

Library profession especially in Pakistan is under developing stage. It is pertinent to grasp the trends which not only change the face of the libraries but re-shaped the librarian's role in new information society. The purpose of the study is to discover the status of the job market for Library Professionals in Sindh, Pakistan, and to examine the job titles used in advertisements. Content analysis was applied to discover the status of the LIS job market. LIS Professional vacancies from 2004-2008 in four leading newspapers were analysis. There were 282 announcements during that time.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is an important fruit plant of Indo-Pak subcontinent and known to be cultivated since ages. Although soil and climatic conditions are suitable in Pakistan particularly in the Punjab and Sindh provinces but diseases are some of the significant causes of its low production. The low per hectare yield of mango may be attributed to lack of effective control of diseases including die back of mango not only affect the yield of mango but also deteriorate the fruit quality. Lack of information about recommended harvesting and post-harvest technologies to the growers are other factors that affect the quality of mango. To attain the aim of high production, problems in mango cultivation are needed to be minimized. Mango plant comes under the attack of different decline disorders. Out of which die back disorder is very common in mango orchards of Pakistan and is becoming more destructive and getting significant importance by the mango growers.

Medicinal plants have a vital role in the developing countries for the human and livestock health. Poonch division is mountainous region of Azad Jammu & Kashmir-Pakistan; its diverse geo-ecological conditions reflect huge diversity in medicinal and aromatic plants ranging from herbs to large trees. Effort was made to explore and characterize the potential of various native profitable medicinal and aromatic plants for conservation and documentation. As a result of exploration survey, information was gathered from local communities and plants were selected from various diverse sites likewise thick forest, rangeland and from the mountainous tracks of study areas. The following medicinal plants viz., Kanwar Gandal, Kangi, Maiden Hair furn, Bhang, Amla, Timber, Neem, Dhania, Sumbal, Kochmach, Harnoli, Banfsha, Saffron, Saunf, Datura, Geani and Podina were collected and characterized. Present study would be beneficial to provide quality raw material for our pharmaceutical industry and better return to the local communities.

Inferring three-dimensional (3D) shape of real objects from visual information belongs to the main domain of the computer vision applications. Shape From Focus (SFF) is one of the passive methods that uses focus as a cue to infer the 3D structure of the object. In SFF, the objective is to find out the depth by measuring the distance of well-focused position of each object point from the camera lens. A sequence of images is acquired either by displacing the object in small steps or by changing the focal length of the lens in the camera. First, a focus measure, which is a criterion that can effectively measure the focus quality, is applied on each image pixel of the sequence. An initial depth map is obtained by maximizing the focus measure along the optical axis. In order to refine the initial depth estimate, different approximation and machine learning techniques have been used. In this book, various focus measures and SFF techniques based on machine learning approaches are discussed.

In the last few years, there is a rapid growth in the area of wireless communications and the demand of limited wireless spectrum has increased significantly. In early days, the spectrum was assigned by following static allocation schemes. This fixed spectrum assignment policy results in under-utilization of scarce radio spectrum.The study by Federal Communications Commission (FCC) shows that the spectrum is available but its usage is not efficient. Cognitive Radio is a new technology that increases the utilization of available spectrum by implementing dynamic allocation schemes.In this book, an Opportunistic Cognitive MAC Protocol (OC-MAC) has been proposed for the Cognitive Radio Networks to access the unoccupied spectrum opportunistically and coexist with Ad hoc Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN).By implementing OC-MAC protocol, the utilization of spectrum increases significantly while collision rate among different types of users remains under acceptable level. All simulation scenarios are developed in OPNET v14.5 Network simulator and simulation results are collected for multiple scenarios; under light and heavy traffic to check the performance of the OC-MAC protocol.

Discharge of heavy metals from metal processing industries is known to have unfavorable effects on the environment. Conventional treatment technologies for removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution are not economical and generate huge quantity of toxic chemical sludge. Biosorption of heavy metals is an innovative and alternative technology for removal of these pollutants from aqueous solution. The study was aimed to quantify the Cr (VI) sorption ability of Baker's yeast at the best operating conditions. The optimum pH for biosorption of Cr (VI) ions was found to be 3.0. The percentage removal Cr (VI) ions from solution was decreased with increase in concentration from 10 to 50 mg/L whereas, uptake capacity was increased with increase in concentration of Cr (VI) ions from 10 to 50 mg/L. The percentage removal and biosorption capacity increased with increases time from 3-24 hrs then become constant. Uptake capacity "q" (mg/g) of Cr (VI) ions decreased with increased biosorbent dose. Higher value of correlation coefficient (R2

Inhalation of radon (222Rn) and its daughter products can cause lung cancer to human beings. Recent studies in different countries have shown that radon and its short lived progenies contribute the largest fraction of dose received by the general public from the environment. This makes the role of radon measurement in dwellings highly critical in monitoring human health and safety. An enhanced radon concentration had been observed in soil, air and water samples above many fault zones of the world. It is also revealed that radon concentration changes in conjunction with the earthquake. The detailed literature review on radon concentration levels in fault zone areas of the world is given in this book. Also the study of indoor radon concentration levels in the fault zone areas of Khyber Pukhtoonkwa is also presented. This book will help the graduate students and teachers doing research in environmental radiation dosimetery field.

Growth media employed to culture Aspergillus niger for the production of enzyme were developed and fermentation conditions was optimized through various trials. Substrate water ratio, different nitrogen source and concentration of nitrogen source were optimized. It was observed that addition of 25% potato extract and 0.3% urea enhanced the production of - amylase by Aspergillus niger. Maximum enzyme activity was observed (102.59 IU/ml/min) in flask level at pH 4 and 37 C temperature. These optimized conditions of growth media was again used in Air-Lift fermenter and determined the activity (116.5 IU/ml/min) that is greater than flask level. This is due to proper aeration and proper temperature in Air-lift fermenter.

Biosorption is being demonstrated as a useful alternative to conventional systems for the removal of toxic metals from industrial effluents. Metal affinity to the biomass can be increase by pre treating the biomass with different chemicals. Current study was deigned to assess the Ni(II) and CCu(II) removal capability of two microfungi viz. Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus arrhizus. Biomass of both fungal species was pretreated with alkalies, acids and detergents. For the successful application of biosorption crucial parameters like influence of initial metal ion concentration and desorption/reutilization were also performed. To check the practical potential of adsorbents, metal uptake capability of test fungal biosorbents was assessed with real industrial effluents. This book is useful for those who are working on treatment of wastewater using fungal biomass.

Present manuscript determines prevalence, etiology and efficacy of a therapeutic protocol against mastitis in she camels of central Punjab-Pakistan. 400 milk samples (200 each from district Faisalabad and Jhang) from udder quarters of different breeds were collected. Surf Field Mastitis test was used to assess prevalence of subclinical mastitis, which was, in Distt. Faisalabad 41.5% while it was 38.5% in Distt. Jhang, while, clinical mastitis was 7% in both the districts. Staphylococcus and streptococcus were the major cause of mastitis. 12 different antibiotics were tested for their sensitivity against the bacterial isolates recovered from the milk samples of Mareecha, Desi and crossbred she camels. Oxytetracycline was the most effective in vitro antibiotics. Bacteriological cure rate was 64.2% and 78.75% of the treated quarters of clinically mastitic she camels at the 7 and 14th days of post treatment, while bacteriological cure rate in subclinical mastitic dromedaries was 93.75% and 100% at the 7 and 14th days of post treatment in both the districts. Combination therapy with antibiotics proved effective in treatment of clinical and subclinical mastitis in she camels.

This manual has been designed keeping in view the general requirements SUIT course syllabus for Principles of Marketing. The book covers concepts such as basic approaches to marketing, Product, Price, Placement and Promotion and helps build conceptual background with emphasis on Practical applications. Care has been taken to keep the language simple and approach integrated to help students learn above the language barrier.

The major part of this book examines the impact of Khushhali Bank Limited (KBL), the largest microfinance bank with a huge network of branches all across the country, on the socio-economic characteristics of beneficiary women and to study the improvement in their economy and social status.The findings suggest that micro-credit has positive impact on women socio-economic status and empowerment.It increases to some extent self- confidence and feelings of identity for women in the society.The study also entailed lack of centralized system between the microfinance institutions that increased the risk of dual loaning.

There have been few studies on brand extensions in a Pakistan context. In this book, we study brand extensions in Pakistan from viewpoint of Brand Managers as their analysis coupled with their personal preferences can provide interesting insights for forming a successful brand extension strategy.Since T. Gamble first published an article about brand extensions (1967) there has been a growing interest for the topic. With the passage of time the in-built benefits of brand extensions in terms of cost and higher success rates were captured by companies in developing countries like Pakistan. In this book, we make theoretical arguments for, and show empirically that growth may not be the ultimate objective for companies in Pakistan. Instead, companies are compelled to follow the bandwagon so to match competitors. It has been indicated that small firms might be in a better position to take advantage of below-the-line promotions in comparison to larger firms. Cannibalization of sales due to brand extensions was described to be non-existent in Pakistan until a company embarks on e-commerce initiative.

This book shows the way to micro businesses how to build or transform their business into a social media-enabled enterprise where consumers, employees and prospects connect, collaborate and champion their products or services. Every business can use this emerging media to increase their bottom line figures through sales and this book will show you how.PART ONE introduces the concept of micro business and explains how marketing in small firms in not a miniature of large businesses. PART TWO refreshes the conventional marketing practices in a step wise manner. PART THREE offers a detailed description of social media marketing and how it enables to strengthen the relationship building process. PART FOUR shows whether or not it is the right time for small business to embark on social media bandwagon. In simple words this book will show you how to harness the collective wisdom and the viral nature of your stakeholders and how to steal a lead from your competitors on the social media landscape.

Superpowers have always been the most energetic products of proactive civilizations that strive to influence vast regions of the world - positively in their era of ascendance and negatively when they are on the downward slope. An aging civilization either leads to a period of anarchy or gives way to the meteoric rise of another powerful civilization. Modern sages have been warning of a major polar shift that may cost the world not only its present day civilization but more importantly what is likely to throw the whole human race into massive sociopolitical turmoil. The blasphemous Danish cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad have unwittingly raised the issue of how to protect this civilization. Here is the answer. This exhaustive analysis of a period of about six months covering events preceding the commissioning of the Danish cartoons offers a view from a vantage point visited by few modern thinkers.