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The Punjab has diverse vegetation types occurring in isolated
patches like graveyards, forest plantation and prohibited areas
under armed forces and salinity/ sodicity affected soils. Desert
and semi-desert vegetations occur in Cholistan and Thar areas, the
mountain regions of Punjab and edges of Suleman Range near Rajan
Pur have hot mountainous type vegetation. The southern edge of the
Potohar Plateau is demarcated by famous salt range of Pakistan.
Findings exhibited that how water table, drought, aridity, manmade
deforestation, over/ uncontrolled grazing and browsing wiped out
the precious plant and algal diversity. This valley needs
conservation by adopting different measures and joint efforts of
local people, the Government and NGOs. Furthermore, in this study
the threatening categories of plant species are identified and also
grouped into different biological classes. The species, which are
important for ecosystems like endemic and keystone, are given
priority for said conservation campaign. This study would lay a
foundation for conservation of natural habitat of non-conventional
leguminous forage and fodder treasures that is under alarming
threats.
Environmental pollution occurs due to release of harmful gases from
industrial units. It results in the form of acid rain either wet or
dry form. Factories, vehicles, power stations and industries burn
fossil fuels and produce harmful gases, comprising sulfur dioxide,
or oxides of nitrogen, which become the major course of acid rain.
Acid rain sometimes falls in the form of precipitation which can be
snow, rain, dew or fog. Dry deposition is absorption of particles
such as polluting gases, dust particles and gaseous elements by the
surface of the Earth. The pH level of acid rain may be less than 7
but when the concentration of pollutants increases in the
atmosphere, it further decreases and strong acids like sulfuric and
nitric acid are formed. Acid rain induces visible lesion injury on
plant shoots and on other tissues. It also destroys epicuticular
wax; reduces photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll contents. Acid
rain in plants can considerably reduce plant height, number of
leaves, fresh and dry weight contents. The objective of the study
was to evaluate the effect of simulated acid rain on the growth
performance of Wheat and Oat crops.
Residue analysis of chlorpyrifos (an organophosphate pesticide) was
investigated in different water samples. Analysis was carried out
in collaboration with pesticide residue laboratory Kala Shah Kaku
due to the availability of latest chromatographic techniques.
Chlorpyrifos was analyzed in different samples of water collected
from different sites of Lahore. Sample preparation was done by
using Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) technique. Analysis was carried
out using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).
Acetonitrile, methanol solvents were used as mobile phase to
achieve the best separation. Chlorpyrifos was detected in 0.161
mg/L-1.912mg/L concentration ranges. Maximum residue limit of
chlorpyrifos in drinking water established by either World Health
Organization (WHO) or European Union (EU) is 0.040mg/L. The highest
concentration of chlorpyrifos residue was 1.912mg/L in water sample
collected from Kala Shah Kaku. Study of residue analysis of
chlorpyrifos in water has the significant role to solve the
environmental problems related to pesticides.
This paper analyzes the persistence of fragility in some
sub-Saharan African states and the multiple dimensions of state
weakness that are simultaneously at play. This study also provides
an overview of the analytics of fragility, conflict, and
international engagement with fragile states before turning to an
assessment of the current state of affairs and the areas in which
there has been progress in building resilience. The paper also
looks at the role of fiscal policies and institutions and analyzes
growth accelerations and decelerations. Seven country case studies
help identify more concretely some key factors at play, and the
diversity of paths followed, with an emphasis on the sequencing of
reforms. The paper concludes with a summary of the main findings
and policy implications.
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