Metals by virtue of their amount in living system are non toxic rather helping in several physiological functions. However, when they are accumulated at a level beyond the permissible limits are declared toxic and injurious to health of plants and human beings. Samples of food grains (Wheat, Rice, Maize) alongwith soil and underground water of 12-sites were collected from six districts of Punjab (Pakistan). The materials were tested metal concentrations by using most advance analytical technique ICP-OES. The highest values of metals in under-ground Water were (4.08 K), (51.59 Na), (1.122 Li), (501.0 Ca), (13.15 Mg), (0.00 Be), (2.72Al), (0.049As), (0.061 Co), (0.111 Pb), ( 0.019 Cd), (0.220 Ni), (0.120 Cr), (0.202 Mn), (0.202 Zn), (7.110 Fe), (0.231Cu) and (0.029 Se) ug ml . The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values for all water samples were normal and within the permissible limits. The highest values of metals in soil were (215 K), (935 Na), (0.780 Li), (6019 Ca), (58.00 Mg), (0.00 Be), (0.760 Al), (0.012 As), (0.093 Co), (1.010 Pb), (0.921 Cd), (0.721 Ni), (0.230 Cr), (11.17 Mn), (0.990 Zn), (239.0 Fe), (3.100 C

This book deals with cloning of maltase gene of Bacillus licheniformis in Escherichia coli. During the course of study, genomic DNA isolation from Bacillus licheniformis strain ATCC 14580 has been followed by the amplification of maltase gene using a pair of specific forward and reverse primers under optimized PCR parameters. The DNA isolated from Bacillus licheniformis was used as a template and followed amplification, PCR product was purified using Novagen gene kit. T4 DNA ligase was used to ligate the purified PCR product with cloning vector pTZ57R/T. Escherichia coli strain DH5 was used for transformation. Competent cells prepared from Escherichia coli DH5 were then transformed with cloning vector pTZ57R/T. Colony PCR was performed by using cloned Escherichia coli strain as template for amplification. Recombinant plasmid was isolated by alkaline lysis method. Each step was followed by agarose gel electrophoresis to examine the particular nature of genomic DNA, maltase gene and recombinant plasmid. The particular location of bands on gel, observed in gel documentation system, confirmed the success of each step performed."

This Book describes the synthesis, crystal structure determination, antibacterial, antifungal, Brine-Shrimp Cytotoxocity assay and DPPH antioxidants studies of a range of new N- & O-Sulphonated derivatives of tyrosine. The targeted compounds were prepared by the reaction of Tyrosine with different sulfonyl chlorides via different synthesis schemes from moderate to excellent yields. The final products were extensively screened to investigate their antibacterial and antifungal potentials. All the derivatives were found to be active against Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus broncistepica, Salmonella typhimurium and Enterobacter aerogenes. These Derivative did not show any bioactivity against fungal strains such as Mucor species, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus and Fusarium solani. The targeted compounds were also subjected to Brine-Shrimp cytotoxic studies. Only one compound showed good cytotoxic activity while other derivatives exhibit no activity at all.Antioxidant potential of these derivatives was investigated by DPPH Assay. All compounds showed excellent antioxidant activities.