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The discharge of heavy metals from industrial effluents into
aquatic sources has become a matter of concern over the last few
decades. For the removal lead (II) ions from aqueous solutions
biosorption is a cost effective method especially for the huge
volumes of effluents. In the present study effect of cotton
(Gossypium hirsutum) seed cake biomass on biosorption of lead (II)
from aqueous solutions was deliberated. It was indicated that
adsorption capacity q, (mg/g) and percentage adsorption was
function of biosorbent size, biosorbent dose, pH and initial lead
(II) concentration. Optimized percentage adsorptions were observed
at smaller size of biosorbent 0.355 mm, 0.2 g dose, pH 5.0 and 100
mg/L lead (II) concentration. Kinetic study revealed that
adsorption was rapid in first fifteen minutes and equilibrium was
achieved after six hours. At equilibrium, the maximum metal uptake
was 45.29 mg/g with percentage adsorption 86.68 at pH 5.0. The
Langmuir isotherm model with correlation coefficient (0.93) fitted
well to the data of biosorption of lead (II), corroborating that
the uptake of lead was chemical, saturable and equilibrated
mechanism.
The aim of study was to evaluate plasma antioxidant status, protein
content, glycemic level, lipid profiles and lipid peroxidation
products in type 2 diabetic patients and any effect of gender on
these biochemical parameters. Plasma total cholesterol (TC),
triglycerides (TG), low density lipoproteins (LDL) and high density
lipoproteins (HDL) levels, Antioxidants i.e. superoxide dismutase
(SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) peroxidase (POD, EC
1.11.1.7) and plasma Malondialdehyde (MDA) content were
significantly higher in diabetic patients. Elevated glucose level,
lipid profiles and peroxidation products indicating oxidative
stress damage in diabetic patients. Antioxidants like SOD and CAT
were enhanced in response to oxidative stress by hyperglycemia and
thus to detoxify the excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Correlation has significance in all sciences. Various attempts have
been made over two centuries by many authors to explore its
usefulness. In this research an attempt has been made to derive a
distribution of the mean of k-independent sample correlation
coefficients each of which is based on "n" pairs of observations.
This distribution has been developed by expanding the rth power of
the modified Bessel function by using the Taylor series. The
contribution of this research is to derive, 1)the distribution of
mean of two independent sample correlation coefficients and their
weighted means, 2)the distribution of mean of k-independent samples
correlation coefficients 3)various properties of the distribution
of mean of two and k- independent sample correlation coefficients.
This book was an effort for wheat improvement under salinity
stress.One hundred and eighty seven wheat genotypes were evaluated
at germination, vegetative and maturity stage under 200, 250 and
300 mM NaCl stress.Various morphological and molecular markers were
utilized to screen salt tolerant cultivars. Vegetative stage was
found to be most salinity sensitive stage. Therefore, genotypes
should be evaluated at this stage by using molecular,
physiological, morphological and biochemical approaches. More than
10 SSR markers were found to be linked with salinity
tolerance.Heritability estimates and gene action studies revealed
that potential for improving salinity tolerance in wheat does
exist.
Corruption, a crime and a very complex multi-faceted phenomenon, is
commonly defined as a misuse of entrusted power for private gain
has numerous forms. The flurry of studies and researches is still
unable to fully comprehend the multifarious aspects that it
exhibits in its numerous forms, diverse causes and adverse impact.
It is also difficult to measure or quantify corruption, and
consequently more complicated to curtail it. Practically, even
defining corruption has proven to be an unattainable task, and
there is still no single, comprehensive and a universally agreed
upon definition. However, one common point is unanimously settled
that corruption is a crime, which devastates the very thread of the
society. This study takes an overview of corruption in general as
expounded by various studies as also some aspects of corruption in
Pakistan. We have measured perception of corruption using a
Split-Questionnaire Survey (SQS) design and have ranked various
government departments in Pakistan according to their level of
corruption. The theoretical basis of the SQS Design is explained
for its applicability to large sociological and marketing surveys.
Keeping in view the scarcity of human resource management (HRM)
literature about Pakistan, this book is useful for researchers,
international investors and others interested in knowing management
practices in Pakistan. It reviews the literature on integration and
devolvement in various parts of the world. It also reports the
findings of an empirical survey in fifty-two higher education
institutes (HEIs) of Pakistan.The results of the study show that
the HEIs are practicing a low level of integration and devolvement.
The level of devolved decision-making and the direction of change
in theses decision is different for various HR activities. The
departmental heads do not have similar training level in various
areas of HRM. Public and private sector HEIs are similar in most of
their HRM patterns and organizational characteristics. Presence of
HR department is the main predictor of integration and devolvement.
There is resistance to HRM convergence in Pakistan and the high
power distance culture is shaping many policies and practices. The
divergent trends prevailing in higher education sector are expected
to stay until formal HR departments become integral to all HEIs.
This text on inverted distributions and Theory of Inversion relates
to the early work of Snedecor (1934), Merington and Thomson (1943).
Since 1934 very little attention has been paid to this area, though
some work has been done in eighties and nineties. In this book we
discuss a theoretical framework for distributions closed under
inversion, reviewed inverted distributions and present some
concepts of closure and strict closure under inversion (CUI and
SCUI). We provide the details of pervious work done by Gumbel and
Keeney (1950), Seshadri (1950) and Saunders (1974). We investigate
the intrinsic nature of SCUI distributions and present (a) a set of
differential equations for generating SCUI distributions, (b) some
characterization theorems for SCUI density functions, and (c) a few
properties common to all SCUI distributions. We extend a number of
concepts relating to SCUI distributions to the CUI case.
Filus and Filus (2001, 2006) developed some new class of
probability distributions known as the pseudo distributions. In
this book we have explored the distributional properties
concomitants of order statistics of the bivariate pseudo
distributions. The book presents rigorous material on
distributional properties of concomitants of order statistics for
quasi-Gaussian, pseudo-Gaussian, pseudo-Weibul and
quasi-pseudo-Weibull distributions. The distribution of rth
concomitant and joint distribution of rth and sth concomitant of
order statistics has been presented in this book. The general case
of the distribution of concomitant has been discussed alongside
some specific cases.
Spodoptera litura causes enormous losses in many economically
important crops. Three years monitoring of conventional and new
chemistry insecticides revealed chlorpyrifos, quinalphos,
deltamethrin, -cyfluthrin, emamectin and indoxacarb more toxic than
other insecticides against most field populations. Cypermethrin and
deltamethrin with fipronil showed synergistic effect both at 1:1
and 1:10 in field populations. However, these populations were
highly antagonistic to organophosphates when mixed with synthetic
pyrethroids. Using single pair crosses for genetics studies,
deltamethrin and indoxacarb showed autosomal and incompletely
dominant resistance controlled by more than one locus. Enzyme
inhibitors i.e., PBO and DEF were significantly not different for
both field populations suggesting involvement of both mechanism of
resistance. Timely judgment of pest status, delimiting alternate
host crops and weeds, wise rotation of insecticides with new
chemicals and insect growth regulators with synergistic mixtures
might be an asset for management of this insect pest. Stability and
dominance of resistance and cross-resistance suggest use of
insecticides with different modes of action.
The ordinary acceptance sampling plans are used to accept or reject
the submitted product on the basis of random sample taken from the
lot. This sampling scheme is used to test the item one by one. In
practice, there are testers accommodating multiple items are
available. In this situation, group acceptance sampling is used
more efficiently. The basic purpose of group acceptance sampling
plans is that it can reduce the cost and the time of the experiment
than the ordinary acceptance sampling plans.The group acceptance
sampling provides the strict inspection of the product under
inspection before it can be release for the consumer's use. In this
study, different life time distributions (log- logistic
distribution, inverse Rayleigh distribution, the Weibull
distribution, gamma distribution) are used to develop the group
acceptance sampling plan. The design parameters such as the
acceptance number and sample size is determined such that given
risks (producer and consumer) are satisfied. Extensive tables are
provided for industrial use.
The characterization of distribution is useful for selection of
adequate distribution to describe the observed values obtained in
an experiment and is one of the methods of finding the
distribution. Chapter 3 and 4 are concerned with the
characterization developed by Kemp and Kemp (2004) and Ahmad and
Roohi (2004). In Chapter 5, the recurrence relations between
ordinary moments are established. A general characterization
theorem, based on recurrence relation of ordinary moments is
derived for a general class of discrete distributions. Chapter 6
deals with the recursive relations of factorial moments obtained by
successive differentiation of factorial moment generating
functions. In Chapters 7, 8, and 9 the theorems are then applied to
numerous discrete probability distributions to provide specific
characterizations for each one of them. Since information
concerning moments is more often available than the knowledge of
probability distribution as a whole, we expect these properties to
be useful in dealing with the practical problems.
The problem of sampling with probability proportonal to a size
measure and with some control over the probabilities of joint
selection of pair's of units has a history that goes back to about
1943.It is also well known that the problems related to sampling
witout replacement with unequal probabilities have attracted and
continue to attract the attention of many scholars and
statisticians especially in recent years. In this monograph
extensive dealing to design based and model based has been coverd.
Some new estimators have been suggested to solve many problems.
Most important point which has discussed is recommendation for
users.
In this book we define univariate and bivariate gamma-type
distributions and discuss some of their statistical functions,
including the moment generating function. Numerous distributions
such as the Rayleigh, half-normal and Maxwell distributions can be
obtained as special cases. The moment generating function of both
univariate and bivariate random variables are derived by making use
of the inverse Mellin transform technique and expressed in terms of
generalized hypergeometric functions. These representations provide
computable expressions for the moment generating functions of
several of the distributions that were identified as particular
cases. Some other statistical functions are also given in closed
form. The univariate distribution is utilized to model two data
sets. This model provides a better fit than the two-parameter
Weibull model or its shifted counterpart, as measured by the
Anderson-Darling and Cramer-von Mises statistics.
Tomographic imaging devices, such as PET/SPECT, suffer from their
low resolution capabilities and produce images having partial
volume error and non- uniform reconstructed resolution across their
field of view. This results in quantification errors and hinders
the optimum use of these images in diagnostic and therapeutic
applications. This writing provides a detailed insight into the
tomographic imaging, image reconstruction methods and proposes
recovery methods for non-uniform resolution and partial volume
errors in Tomographic image reconstruction. Specifically, it
details the resolution characteristics of median root based priors
and their comparison with the standard quadratic priors and in
general discusses their implementation for the recovery of above
mentioned errors in reconstructed images for histogram and
List-Mode data reconstruction methods. Readers in medical imaging
and image reconstruction methods may benefit from this book
including an understanding of basic imaging physics and
mathematics.
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