The discharge of heavy metals from industrial effluents into aquatic sources has become a matter of concern over the last few decades. For the removal lead (II) ions from aqueous solutions biosorption is a cost effective method especially for the huge volumes of effluents. In the present study effect of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) seed cake biomass on biosorption of lead (II) from aqueous solutions was deliberated. It was indicated that adsorption capacity q, (mg/g) and percentage adsorption was function of biosorbent size, biosorbent dose, pH and initial lead (II) concentration. Optimized percentage adsorptions were observed at smaller size of biosorbent 0.355 mm, 0.2 g dose, pH 5.0 and 100 mg/L lead (II) concentration. Kinetic study revealed that adsorption was rapid in first fifteen minutes and equilibrium was achieved after six hours. At equilibrium, the maximum metal uptake was 45.29 mg/g with percentage adsorption 86.68 at pH 5.0. The Langmuir isotherm model with correlation coefficient (0.93) fitted well to the data of biosorption of lead (II), corroborating that the uptake of lead was chemical, saturable and equilibrated mechanism.

The aim of study was to evaluate plasma antioxidant status, protein content, glycemic level, lipid profiles and lipid peroxidation products in type 2 diabetic patients and any effect of gender on these biochemical parameters. Plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoproteins (LDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL) levels, Antioxidants i.e. superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7) and plasma Malondialdehyde (MDA) content were significantly higher in diabetic patients. Elevated glucose level, lipid profiles and peroxidation products indicating oxidative stress damage in diabetic patients. Antioxidants like SOD and CAT were enhanced in response to oxidative stress by hyperglycemia and thus to detoxify the excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Correlation has significance in all sciences. Various attempts have been made over two centuries by many authors to explore its usefulness. In this research an attempt has been made to derive a distribution of the mean of k-independent sample correlation coefficients each of which is based on "n" pairs of observations. This distribution has been developed by expanding the rth power of the modified Bessel function by using the Taylor series. The contribution of this research is to derive, 1)the distribution of mean of two independent sample correlation coefficients and their weighted means, 2)the distribution of mean of k-independent samples correlation coefficients 3)various properties of the distribution of mean of two and k- independent sample correlation coefficients.

This book was an effort for wheat improvement under salinity stress.One hundred and eighty seven wheat genotypes were evaluated at germination, vegetative and maturity stage under 200, 250 and 300 mM NaCl stress.Various morphological and molecular markers were utilized to screen salt tolerant cultivars. Vegetative stage was found to be most salinity sensitive stage. Therefore, genotypes should be evaluated at this stage by using molecular, physiological, morphological and biochemical approaches. More than 10 SSR markers were found to be linked with salinity tolerance.Heritability estimates and gene action studies revealed that potential for improving salinity tolerance in wheat does exist.

The ordinary acceptance sampling plans are used to accept or reject the submitted product on the basis of random sample taken from the lot. This sampling scheme is used to test the item one by one. In practice, there are testers accommodating multiple items are available. In this situation, group acceptance sampling is used more efficiently. The basic purpose of group acceptance sampling plans is that it can reduce the cost and the time of the experiment than the ordinary acceptance sampling plans.The group acceptance sampling provides the strict inspection of the product under inspection before it can be release for the consumer's use. In this study, different life time distributions (log- logistic distribution, inverse Rayleigh distribution, the Weibull distribution, gamma distribution) are used to develop the group acceptance sampling plan. The design parameters such as the acceptance number and sample size is determined such that given risks (producer and consumer) are satisfied. Extensive tables are provided for industrial use.

Spodoptera litura causes enormous losses in many economically important crops. Three years monitoring of conventional and new chemistry insecticides revealed chlorpyrifos, quinalphos, deltamethrin, -cyfluthrin, emamectin and indoxacarb more toxic than other insecticides against most field populations. Cypermethrin and deltamethrin with fipronil showed synergistic effect both at 1:1 and 1:10 in field populations. However, these populations were highly antagonistic to organophosphates when mixed with synthetic pyrethroids. Using single pair crosses for genetics studies, deltamethrin and indoxacarb showed autosomal and incompletely dominant resistance controlled by more than one locus. Enzyme inhibitors i.e., PBO and DEF were significantly not different for both field populations suggesting involvement of both mechanism of resistance. Timely judgment of pest status, delimiting alternate host crops and weeds, wise rotation of insecticides with new chemicals and insect growth regulators with synergistic mixtures might be an asset for management of this insect pest. Stability and dominance of resistance and cross-resistance suggest use of insecticides with different modes of action.

The characterization of distribution is useful for selection of adequate distribution to describe the observed values obtained in an experiment and is one of the methods of finding the distribution. Chapter 3 and 4 are concerned with the characterization developed by Kemp and Kemp (2004) and Ahmad and Roohi (2004). In Chapter 5, the recurrence relations between ordinary moments are established. A general characterization theorem, based on recurrence relation of ordinary moments is derived for a general class of discrete distributions. Chapter 6 deals with the recursive relations of factorial moments obtained by successive differentiation of factorial moment generating functions. In Chapters 7, 8, and 9 the theorems are then applied to numerous discrete probability distributions to provide specific characterizations for each one of them. Since information concerning moments is more often available than the knowledge of probability distribution as a whole, we expect these properties to be useful in dealing with the practical problems.

Corruption, a crime and a very complex multi-faceted phenomenon, is commonly defined as a misuse of entrusted power for private gain has numerous forms. The flurry of studies and researches is still unable to fully comprehend the multifarious aspects that it exhibits in its numerous forms, diverse causes and adverse impact. It is also difficult to measure or quantify corruption, and consequently more complicated to curtail it. Practically, even defining corruption has proven to be an unattainable task, and there is still no single, comprehensive and a universally agreed upon definition. However, one common point is unanimously settled that corruption is a crime, which devastates the very thread of the society. This study takes an overview of corruption in general as expounded by various studies as also some aspects of corruption in Pakistan. We have measured perception of corruption using a Split-Questionnaire Survey (SQS) design and have ranked various government departments in Pakistan according to their level of corruption. The theoretical basis of the SQS Design is explained for its applicability to large sociological and marketing surveys.

Keeping in view the scarcity of human resource management (HRM) literature about Pakistan, this book is useful for researchers, international investors and others interested in knowing management practices in Pakistan. It reviews the literature on integration and devolvement in various parts of the world. It also reports the findings of an empirical survey in fifty-two higher education institutes (HEIs) of Pakistan.The results of the study show that the HEIs are practicing a low level of integration and devolvement. The level of devolved decision-making and the direction of change in theses decision is different for various HR activities. The departmental heads do not have similar training level in various areas of HRM. Public and private sector HEIs are similar in most of their HRM patterns and organizational characteristics. Presence of HR department is the main predictor of integration and devolvement. There is resistance to HRM convergence in Pakistan and the high power distance culture is shaping many policies and practices. The divergent trends prevailing in higher education sector are expected to stay until formal HR departments become integral to all HEIs.

This text on inverted distributions and Theory of Inversion relates to the early work of Snedecor (1934), Merington and Thomson (1943). Since 1934 very little attention has been paid to this area, though some work has been done in eighties and nineties. In this book we discuss a theoretical framework for distributions closed under inversion, reviewed inverted distributions and present some concepts of closure and strict closure under inversion (CUI and SCUI). We provide the details of pervious work done by Gumbel and Keeney (1950), Seshadri (1950) and Saunders (1974). We investigate the intrinsic nature of SCUI distributions and present (a) a set of differential equations for generating SCUI distributions, (b) some characterization theorems for SCUI density functions, and (c) a few properties common to all SCUI distributions. We extend a number of concepts relating to SCUI distributions to the CUI case.

In this book we define univariate and bivariate gamma-type distributions and discuss some of their statistical functions, including the moment generating function. Numerous distributions such as the Rayleigh, half-normal and Maxwell distributions can be obtained as special cases. The moment generating function of both univariate and bivariate random variables are derived by making use of the inverse Mellin transform technique and expressed in terms of generalized hypergeometric functions. These representations provide computable expressions for the moment generating functions of several of the distributions that were identified as particular cases. Some other statistical functions are also given in closed form. The univariate distribution is utilized to model two data sets. This model provides a better fit than the two-parameter Weibull model or its shifted counterpart, as measured by the Anderson-Darling and Cramer-von Mises statistics.

Filus and Filus (2001, 2006) developed some new class of probability distributions known as the pseudo distributions. In this book we have explored the distributional properties concomitants of order statistics of the bivariate pseudo distributions. The book presents rigorous material on distributional properties of concomitants of order statistics for quasi-Gaussian, pseudo-Gaussian, pseudo-Weibul and quasi-pseudo-Weibull distributions. The distribution of rth concomitant and joint distribution of rth and sth concomitant of order statistics has been presented in this book. The general case of the distribution of concomitant has been discussed alongside some specific cases.

The problem of sampling with probability proportonal to a size measure and with some control over the probabilities of joint selection of pair's of units has a history that goes back to about 1943.It is also well known that the problems related to sampling witout replacement with unequal probabilities have attracted and continue to attract the attention of many scholars and statisticians especially in recent years. In this monograph extensive dealing to design based and model based has been coverd. Some new estimators have been suggested to solve many problems. Most important point which has discussed is recommendation for users.

Tomographic imaging devices, such as PET/SPECT, suffer from their low resolution capabilities and produce images having partial volume error and non- uniform reconstructed resolution across their field of view. This results in quantification errors and hinders the optimum use of these images in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This writing provides a detailed insight into the tomographic imaging, image reconstruction methods and proposes recovery methods for non-uniform resolution and partial volume errors in Tomographic image reconstruction. Specifically, it details the resolution characteristics of median root based priors and their comparison with the standard quadratic priors and in general discusses their implementation for the recovery of above mentioned errors in reconstructed images for histogram and List-Mode data reconstruction methods. Readers in medical imaging and image reconstruction methods may benefit from this book including an understanding of basic imaging physics and mathematics.