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By exploring the concept of the "tender gaze" in German film,
theater, and literature, this volume's contributors illustrate how
perspective-taking in works of art fosters empathy and prosocial
behaviors. The gaze, understood as a way of looking at others that
involves contemplation and the operation of power, has an extensive
history of iterations such as the male gaze (Mulvey), the
oppositional gaze (hooks), and the postcolonial gaze (Said). This
essay collection develops a supplemental theory of what Muriel
Cormican has coined the "tender gaze" and traces its occurrence in
German film, theater, and literature. More than qualifying the
primarily voyeuristic, narcissistic, and sexist impetus of the male
gaze, the tender gaze also allows for a differentiated
understanding of the role identification plays in reception, and it
highlights various means of eliciting a sociopolitical critique in
works of art. Emphasizing the humanizing potential of the tender
gaze, the contributors argue that far from simply exciting
emotional contagion, affect in art promotes an altruistic,
rational, and fundamentally ethical relationship to the other. The
tender gaze elucidates how perspective-taking operates in art to
foster empathy and prosocial behaviors. Though the contributors
identify instances of the tender gaze in artistic production since
the early nineteenth century, they focus on its pervasiveness in
contemporary works, corresponding to twenty-first-century concerns
with implicit bias and racism.
Comprehensive view of Andreas-Salome's fictional works, focusing on
her depictions of women and questions of narrative and identity.
The writer and intellectual Lou Andreas-Salome (1861-1937)
fascinates scholars of German literature because of her
associations with Nietzsche, Rilke, and Freud and because she was
active in the cultural and intellectual vanguardof late 19th- and
early 20th-century Germany and Austria. Recent editions of her
fictional works have garnered wider attention from scholars of
literature and theory, particularly those interested in women's
studies, identity politics, and narrative theory. This study
analyzes how Andreas-Salome depicted women in her fictional works
just as feminism was emerging, revealing a complex engagement with
questions of narrative and identity. More than mere thematic
explorations of women's changing roles in society, her works
investigate the concept of identity and its relationship to gender,
sexuality, and narrative representation. She is as concerned with a
cultural crisis of femininityand masculinity as with the identity
crises of her individual women characters. This book offers the
best account of Andreas-Salome's literary works, de-emphasizing
biographical and psychoanalytical perspectives but taking into
account the sociopolitical, historical, and cultural contexts in
which they were written. It also adds to contemporary theoretical
discourses on gender, feminism, and identity. Muriel Cormican is
Professor of German at the University of West Georgia, Carrollton,
Georgia.
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