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Information is provided from the basic and clinical sciences on the
mechanisms damaging the brain from trauma or ischemia. New aspects
involve the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial failure,
pathobiology of axonal injury, molecular signals activating glial
elements, or the emerging therapeutical role of neurotrophins.
Experimental issues involve a better analysis of the ischemic
penumbra, the salvagable tissue. Therapeutic contributions reach
from the environmental influence to gene expression, including
neuroprotection, such as hibernation - mother nature's experiment -
or hypothermia which is reported to induce cell swelling. Treatment
issues deal also with thrombolysis and combination therapies, or
with the clearance of adverse blood components - LDL/fibrinogen -
by a novel procedure using heparin. Other highlights are discussing
the specificities of pediatric vs. adult brain trauma, or the
evolving role of the Apolipoprotein-E e4 gene in severe head
injury. An update is also provided on an online assessment of the
patient management during the pre- and early hospital phase in
Southern Bavaria. The empirical observation of neuroworsening is
analyzed in further details, whether this is a specificity
autonomously driving the posttraumatic course. Finally, the
unsolved question why drug trials in severe head injury have failed
so far in view of the promising evidence from the laboratory is
subjected to an expert analysis.
The international interdisciplinary gathering of top of secondary
brain damage in brain trauma, as ac- level clinical and laboratory
scientists in Mauls, Italy knowledged from the beginning of these
workshops in has developed from its beginning in 1984into a
fruitful Mauls, the significance of inflammation is all but clear.
tradition where worldwide experts active and knowl- Although
inflammatory phenomena are seen in trauma edgeable in cerebral
ischemia and trauma convene for and ischemia ofthe brain, as
activation ofwhite blood update and exchanges of their most recent
clinical and cells with emigration into the tissue presumably en-
experimental findings and concepts. These meetings hancing damage,
inflammatory cells may have benefi- have, of course, experienced
shifts in emphasis from cial properties as well. Thechapter on the
Janus-faceof the past until now, corresponding to the most actual
inflammation isanalyzing this ambiguity. developments, which were
fascinating clinicians and The exploration of novel cell-biological
mechanisms laboratory scientists alike. The current Supplement of
on a molecular or more systemic basis causing apop- Acta
Neurochirurgica is an example in case. Its virtue totic cell death,
inflammation, or regeneration, provide as before is that authors
contribute articles in a review- useful objectives for
therapeutical interventions ex- like manner on their own field of
research, according pected to be more specific than the present
treatment to the platform presentations at the meeting as indis-
modalities.
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