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Environmental conditions change considerably in the course of 24 h with respect to abiotic factors and intra- and interspecific interactions. These changes result in limited time windows of opportunity for animal activities and, hence, the question of when to do what is subject to fitness maximisation. This volume gives a current overview of theoretical considerations and empirical findings of activity patterns in small mammals, a group in which the energetic and ecological constraints are particularly severe and the diversity of activity patterns is particularly high. Following a comparative ecological approach, for the first time activity timing is consequently treated in terms of behavioural and evolutionary ecology, providing the conceptual framework for chronoecology as a new subdiscipline within behavioural ecology. An extensive Appendix gives an introduction to methods of activity modelling and to tools for statistical pattern analysis.
4.1.1 Demographic significance Confined populations grow more
rapidly than populations from which dispersal is permitted
(Lidicker, 1975; Krebs, 1979; Tamarin et at., 1984), and demography
in island populations where dispersal is restricted differs greatly
from nearby mainland populations (Lidicker, 1973; Tamarin, 1977,
1978; Gliwicz, 1980), clearly demonstrating the demographic signi
ficance of dispersal. The prevalence of dispersal in rapidly
expanding populations is held to be the best evidence for
presaturation dispersal. Because dispersal reduces the growth rate
of source populations, it is generally believed that emigration is
not balanced by immigration, and that mortality of emigrants occurs
as a result of movement into a 'sink' of unfavourable habitat. If
such dispersal is age- or sex-biased, the demo graphy of the
population is markedly affected, as a consequence of differ ences
in mortality in the dispersive sex or age class. Habitat
heterogeneity consequently underlies this interpretation of
dispersal and its demographic consequences, although the spatial
variability of environments is rarely assessed in dispersal
studies."
Environmental conditions change considerably in the course of 24 h
with respect to abiotic factors and intra- and interspecific
interactions. These changes result in limited time windows of
opportunity for animal activities and, hence, the question of when
to do what is subject to fitness maximisation. This volume gives a
current overview of theoretical considerations and empirical
findings of activity patterns in small mammals, a group in which
the energetic and ecological constraints are particularly severe
and the diversity of activity patterns is particularly high.
Following a comparative ecological approach, for the first time
activity timing is consequently treated in terms of behavioural and
evolutionary ecology, providing the conceptual framework for
chronoecology as a new subdiscipline within behavioural ecology. An
extensive Appendix gives an introduction to methods of activity
modelling and to tools for statistical pattern analysis.
4.1.1 Demographic significance Confined populations grow more
rapidly than populations from which dispersal is permitted
(Lidicker, 1975; Krebs, 1979; Tamarin et at., 1984), and demography
in island populations where dispersal is restricted differs greatly
from nearby mainland populations (Lidicker, 1973; Tamarin, 1977,
1978; Gliwicz, 1980), clearly demonstrating the demographic signi
ficance of dispersal. The prevalence of dispersal in rapidly
expanding populations is held to be the best evidence for
presaturation dispersal. Because dispersal reduces the growth rate
of source populations, it is generally believed that emigration is
not balanced by immigration, and that mortality of emigrants occurs
as a result of movement into a 'sink' of unfavourable habitat. If
such dispersal is age- or sex-biased, the demo graphy of the
population is markedly affected, as a consequence of differ ences
in mortality in the dispersive sex or age class. Habitat
heterogeneity consequently underlies this interpretation of
dispersal and its demographic consequences, although the spatial
variability of environments is rarely assessed in dispersal
studies."
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