International criminal law lacks a coherent account of individual responsibility. This failure is due to the inability of international tribunals to capture the distinctive nature of individual responsibility for crimes that are collective by their very nature. Specifically, they have misunderstood the nature of the collective action or framework that makes these crimes possible, and for which liability may be attributed to intellectual authors, policy makers and leaders. In this book, the author draws on insights from comparative law and methodology to propose doctrines of perpetration and secondary responsibility that reflect the role and function of high-level participants in mass atrocity, while simultaneously situating them within the political and social climate which renders these crimes possible. This new doctrine is developed through a novel approach which combines and restructures divergent theoretical perspectives on attribution of responsibility in English and German domestic criminal law, as major representatives of the common law and civil law systems. At the same time, it analyses existing theories of responsibility in international criminal law and assesses whether there is any justification for their retention by international criminal tribunals.

International criminal law lacks a coherent account of individual responsibility. This failure is due to the inability of international tribunals to capture the distinctive nature of individual responsibility for crimes that are collective by their very nature. Specifically, they have misunderstood the nature of the collective action or framework that makes these crimes possible, and for which liability may be attributed to intellectual authors, policy makers and leaders. In this book, the author draws on insights from comparative law and methodology to propose doctrines of perpetration and secondary responsibility that reflect the role and function of high-level participants in mass atrocity, while simultaneously situating them within the political and social climate which renders these crimes possible. This new doctrine is developed through a novel approach which combines and restructures divergent theoretical perspectives on attribution of responsibility in English and German domestic criminal law, as major representatives of the common law and civil law systems. At the same time, it analyses existing theories of responsibility in international criminal law and assesses whether there is any justification for their retention by international criminal tribunals.

Euthanasia popularly known as mercy killing. It is very complicated and highly sensitive issue. It has various types and dimensions. It is to be viewed not only from legal but also from social and religious perspective also in a country like India where religious beliefs still rules the society.Still in India there is no specific legislation to deal with this issue. Cases have been dealt under the Indian Penal Code, 1860. After the case of Aruna Ramachandra Shanbaug passive euthanasia has been legalised in India. The Apex Court has laid down guidelines for euthanasia in that case. In this book endeavor has been made to critically analyse this issue from different perspectives and put forward the present laws dealing with it with the help of precedents and provisions of different laws prevailing in India.

Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid, ASA) has been used as one of the most famous, cheap, easily available and widely used Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drug (NSAID). Aspirin is used in versatile purpose such as, anti-inflammatory (in joint diseases), anti-platelets (in cardiovascular disease), analgesic and antipyretic. The aim of present investigation is to study the effect of oral administration of drug acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, aspirin) on female albino rat, Rattus norvegicus. The female rats (n=24) were allocated into 2 groups as control (n=12) and treated (n=12). The treated rats were given oral dose of aspirin 100 mg/ kg body weight for 15 days (n=6) and 30 days (n=6). The present investigation results suggest that the high doses of ASA, induced histopathological changes in liver, kidney and reproductive organs directly or indirectly through modulation of certain biochemical and enzymological activities. These effects are dose and duration dependent.