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The events and characters surrounding King Henry VIII's Tudor Court
and the English Reformation have received many treatments in
novels, plays, and cinema. Yet the most important figure of the
age, William Tyndale, is hardly mentioned much less celebrated. The
man who gave us the first English Bible, invented modern English,
set the drive towards democracy and personal judgment in the
English speaking world, provoked literacy in England to go from 6%
to 50%, essentially founded the Church of England, and defined the
civil philosophy that launched the English Empire, lived a life
even more dramatic than the better known figures of Henry, Anne
Boleyn, Thomas Moore, and Thomas Cromwell. They largely reacted to
change, while Tyndale was the greatest change agent in history.
Part spy thriller, part history, and part Arden forest romance,
God's Spy imaginatively presents on stage in a modern dramatic
verse not just the events but the spiritual issues that moved the
men and women of the times.
On May 14, 1818, the Rev. Harry Croswell of Trinity Episcopal
Church, New Haven, broke a 180 year old tradition and became the
first non-Congregational minister to give the Annual Election
Sermon in Connecticut. Better known as the free press hero of The
People v. Croswell" case in 1804 where Alexander Hamilton argued
for the precept that "truth is a defense against libel," Croswell
here 16 years later provides an argument for the separation of
church and state. Taking his text from the scriptural precept
Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's; and
unto God the things that are God's, he creates a hard
"distinguishing line" between church and state. Shortly after he
gave the sermon to the Assembly, they voted 81 to 80 to accept a
majority vote on passing a constitution - a constitution that would
disestablish the Congregational Church in the state. One of the
shortest of all the elections sermons, it was also the most
powerful. His sermon was at the time considered so important that
the Assembly authorized four editions at printers around the state,
an unprecedented number. Rather than read private letters and
snatch at metaphors for a justification of a supposed "wall of
separation" between church and state, Harry Croswell's sermon
provided the intellectual and emotional motivation that ended the
last theocratic-democracy in America by voting on it - even if it
won by a single vote. Understanding Harry Croswell is vital to
understanding the First Amendment's protection of both religious
and press freedom. The book includes the essay, "The End of
Theocracy in American: The Distinguishing Line of Harry Croswell's
Election Sermon," along with a transcription with introduction and
notes of Croswell's "A Sermon Preached at the Anniversary Election,
Hartford, May 14, 1818."
This book arose out of an investigative attempt to use methods
adapted from the field of Organizational Culture to answer the
related questions, "Where did the ideas behind the Declaration of
Independence come from?," "What kind of men could create a document
so powerful it became a revered work of what some call republican
scripture?," "How did the supposedly flawed organization of the
Continental Congress accomplish so much, and create so many ideas
of so lasting importance?" And most important, "What lessons can we
learn from them?" It suggests that 106 contributors to the
Declaration - 100 delegates and 6 men of moral influence in
Philadelphia connected to the congress - debated not only the
politics of separation, but the moral philosophy that justified the
revolution. The Declaration was as Jefferson called it a
"harmonizing sentiment" among competing moral values systems of
Calvinist-Puritans, Quaker-Spiritualists, Social-Anglicans and a
new domestic school of moral philosophy American Practical Idealism
that arose in 1740s at Yale, and the 1750s at King's College (now
Columbia) and the College of Philadelphia (now Penn). This last
school of philosophy was not based on ideas from Locke, or English
Republican Radicals, Scottish "innate sense" moral philosophy, as
often suggested, but on the moral philosophy of the American Dr.
Samuel Johnson of Yale and King's College, which was then promoted
by Dr. Benjamin Franklin and Provost Dr. William Smith at the
College of Philadelphia. It also suggests that the Continental
Congress in its fifteen years of existence was not just a rather
long ad hoc meeting of individuals in wigs. Rather, it was a
tremendously effective organizational culture in itself that
deserves to be analyzed for its extraordinary accomplishments --
and to see if we can imitate its successes.
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