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Activated sludge is the most widely used biological wastewater
treatment process globally to date, although its high energy demand
makes it a major contributor of greenhouse gas emissions. Over
recent decades it has been constantly modified and retrofitted to
treat ever higher loads or improve effluent standards which have
often resulted in even greater carbon emissions. Conventional
activated sludge treatment is at a crossroads where new sustainable
solutions are required if we are to protect the quality of our
rivers and meet net-zero carbon targets.The book details current
operation and design with special emphasis on the biological
aspects of the process. From the microbial kinetics to the
fascinating process of floc formation and development, the book
explores the development of our understanding of the process
looking at new sustainable designs, including biological nutrient
removal and new aeration systems. Sludge separation problems and
control options are explained, with a trouble-shooting guide to
non-bulking problems. Environmental issues including noise, odor,
aerosols, micro-plastics and nanoparticles are all reviewed, as is
pathogen removal and the problem of antibiotic resistant genes and
bacteria. The development of membrane bioreactors has increased
process reliability and effluent quality, while integrated
fixed-film activated sludge processes are more efficient and
compact. The book concludes by exploring how activated sludge can
become more sustainable, for example, by carbon harvesting and
byproduct recovery.This interdisciplinary book is essential reading
for both engineers and scientists whether training at university or
practitioners and consultants in the wastewater industry.Related
Link(s)
This book deals with natural treatment systems and the challenges
the water industry faces in dealing with sustainability and the
realisation of reaching Net Zero by 2030.Surface waters are all
under threat, with freshwater ecosystems now facing unprecedented
levels of contamination, even after a century of ever stricter
legislation and regulation. The increase in population and
especially in urbanization without sufficient planning and
investment to ensure adequate wastewater collection and treatment
coupled with the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated
with wastewater treatment is leading to a crisis in wastewater
treatment in many countries.Natural treatment systems which use
plants and soil micro-organisms are very much nature-based
solutions and wherever applicable might offer sustainable and low
emissions options for a range of wastewater problems protecting
surface waters as well as creating new habitats to support and
enhance wildlife diversity. In terms of circularity, natural
treatment systems have the potential to produce a staggering array
of useful and valuable by-products, including high-value compounds
for the pharmaceutical industry.Related Link(s)
Our rivers and lakes are continuously self-purifying thanks to
algal and bacterial biofilms that grow over the surface of stones
and other debris. This same process has been employed for over a
century to treat our municipal and industrial wastewater in
specially designed fixed film reactors that maximize this microbial
activity by providing ideal growth conditions and unlimited food
and oxygen. Fixed film, or attached biofilm, reactors are unique in
their ability to treat complex wastewaters and shock loadings;
using far less energy than other wastewater treatment processes
such as activated sludge, making them a sustainable treatment
option.Targeted at undergraduate and postgraduate engineers and
scientists, this book follows the structure of bestseller Biology
of Wastewater Treatment. This volume gives an expanded and
up-to-date overview of the use of fixed-film reactors in wastewater
treatment with content spanning from biofilm formation, to
traditional trickling filters and rotating biological contactor
technology, advanced submerged systems (including MBBRs and IFAS)
and their key role in the treatment of contaminated air, and
finally to nitrogen removal employing new microbial pathways such
as Anammox. This monograph emphasizes the biological aspects of the
processes.
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