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Increasingly, historians acknowledge the significance of crusading
activity in the fifteenth century, and they have started to explore
the different ways in which it shaped contemporary European
society. Just as important, however, was the range of interactions
which took place between the three faith communities which were
most affected by crusade, namely the Catholic and Orthodox worlds,
and the adherents of Islam. Discussion of these interactions forms
the theme of this book. Two essays consider the impact of the fall
of Constantinople in 1453 on the conquering Ottomans and the
conquered Byzantines. The next group of essays reviews different
aspects of the crusading response to the Turks, ranging from
Emperor Sigismund to Papal legates. The third set of contributions
considers diplomatic and cultural interactions between Islam and
Christianity, including attempts made to forge alliances of
Christian and Muslim powers against the Ottomans. Last, a set of
essays looks at what was arguably the most complex region of all
for inter-faith relations, the Balkans, exploring the influence of
crusading ideas in the eastern Adriatic, Bosnia and Romania. Viewed
overall, this collection of essays makes a powerful contribution to
breaking down the old and discredited view of monolithic and
mutually exclusive "fortresses of faith". Nobody would question the
extent and intensity of religious violence in fifteenth-century
Europe, but this volume demonstrates that it was played out within
a setting of turbulent diversity. Religious and ethnic identities
were volatile, allegiances negotiable, and diplomacy, ideological
exchange and human contact were constantly in operation between the
period's major religious groupings.
During the Central Middle Ages Catholics had the opportunity to
take part in Holy War in the Latin East in two different but
related ways, by taking the Cross and by entering the Order of the
Temple. Both crusaders and Knights Templar were dubbed by
contemporary panegyrists milites Christi, knights engaged in combat
for the cause of Christ. On numerous battlefields in the Middle
East crusaders and Templars fought side by side. By the late
thirteenth century both modes of Holy War faced critical
situations. Crusading failed to save the mainland states of
Palestine and Syria from Muslim conquest in 1291, while the Knights
Templar entered a period of internal demoralisation and external
attack that culminated in the suppression of their Order in 1312.
This collection of essays by distinguished historians of the
Crusades and the Order of the Temple covers the whole span of their
historical evolution and offers numerous insights into the
ideologies, practicalities and ramifications of Christian Holy War
in the Middle Ages.
Increasingly, historians acknowledge the significance of crusading
activity in the fifteenth century, and they have started to explore
the different ways in which it shaped contemporary European
society. Just as important, however, was the range of interactions
which took place between the three faith communities which were
most affected by crusade, namely the Catholic and Orthodox worlds,
and the adherents of Islam. Discussion of these interactions forms
the theme of this book. Two essays consider the impact of the fall
of Constantinople in 1453 on the conquering Ottomans and the
conquered Byzantines. The next group of essays reviews different
aspects of the crusading response to the Turks, ranging from
Emperor Sigismund to Papal legates. The third set of contributions
considers diplomatic and cultural interactions between Islam and
Christianity, including attempts made to forge alliances of
Christian and Muslim powers against the Ottomans. Last, a set of
essays looks at what was arguably the most complex region of all
for inter-faith relations, the Balkans, exploring the influence of
crusading ideas in the eastern Adriatic, Bosnia and Romania. Viewed
overall, this collection of essays makes a powerful contribution to
breaking down the old and discredited view of monolithic and
mutually exclusive "fortresses of faith". Nobody would question the
extent and intensity of religious violence in fifteenth-century
Europe, but this volume demonstrates that it was played out within
a setting of turbulent diversity. Religious and ethnic identities
were volatile, allegiances negotiable, and diplomacy, ideological
exchange and human contact were constantly in operation between the
period's major religious groupings.
These studies span the period from the origins of the crusading
movement in the 11th century until its final active phase during
the Renaissance. Some of the articles spring from Norman Housley's
work on crusading against Christian heretics, mercenary companies
and lay powers which were involved in conflict with the Church.
Others reflect his interest in the way crusading developed after
the fall of the Holy Land to the Muslims in 1291. A third group
looks at other forms taken by religious warfare in Europe during
the late Middle Ages and Renaissance. Certain themes recur
throughout. One is the variety of ways in which war in God's name
was portrayed and justified. Another is the conflict of interest
brought about by the diversity of crusading in the period from
c.1200 onwards. Above all, the author shows the complexity,
longevity and significance of a movement whose impact on medieval
society was massive and whose repercussions were profound.
In a series of massive military undertakings that stretched from
1095 to 1291, Christendom's armies won, defended, and lost the
sacred sites of the Holy Land. Many books have been written about
the Crusades, but until now none has described in detail what is
was like to take part in medieval Europe's most ambitious wars.
This vividly written book draws on extensive research and on a
wealth of surviving contemporary accounts to recreate the full
experience of crusading, from the elation of taking up the cross to
the difficult adjustments at home when the war was over.
Distinguished historian Norman Housley explores the staggering
logistical challenges of raising, equipping, and transporting
thousands of Christian combatants from Europe to the East as well
as the complications that non-combatant pilgrims presented. He
describes the ordinary crusader's prolonged years of difficult
military tasks, risk of starvation and disease, trial of religious
faith, death of friends, and the specter of heavy debt or stolen
homelands upon arriving home. Creating an unprecedented sense of
immediacy, Housley brings to light the extent of crusaders'
sacrifices and the religious commitment that enabled them to
endure.
This collection of essays by eight leading scholars is a landmark
event in the study of crusading in the late middle ages. It is the
outcome of an international network funded by the Leverhulme Trust
whose members examined the persistence of crusading activity in the
fifteenth century from three viewpoints, goals, agencies and
resonances. The crusading fronts considered include the conflict
with the Ottoman Turks in the Mediterranean and western Balkans,
the Teutonic Order's activities in the Baltic region, and the
Hussite crusades. The authors review criticism of crusading
propaganda on behalf of the crusade, the influence on crusading of
demands for Church reform, the impact of printing, expanding
knowledge of the world beyond the Christian lands, and new
sensibilities about the sufferings of non-combatants.
The fifty years that followed Mehmed II's capture of Constantinople
in 1453 witnessed a substantial attempt to revive the crusade as
the principal military mechanism for defending Christian Europe
against the advance of the Ottoman Turks. Norman Housley's study
investigates the origins, character, and significance of this
ambitious programme. He locates it against the broad background of
crusading history, and assesses the extent to which protagonists
and lobbyists for a crusade managed to refashion crusading to meet
the Turkish threat, combining traditional practices with new
outlooks and techniques. He pays particular attention to diplomatic
exchanges and political decision-making, military organization,
communication, and devotional behaviour. Housley demonstrates the
impressive scale of the effort that was made to create a crusading
response to the Turks. Crusaders were recruited in very large
numbers between 1454 and 1464, and in 1501-3 substantial sums of
money were raised through the vigorous preaching of indulgences in
the Holy Roman Empire. But while the crusading cause was recognized
as important and urgent, the mobilization of resources was
prejudiced by the volatile nature of international politics, and by
the weakness of the Renaissance papacy. Even when frontline states
such as Hungary and Venice welcomed crusading contributions to
their conflicts with the Ottomans, building robust structures of
cooperation proved to be beyond the ability of contemporaries. As
the Middle Ages drew to a close, the paradox of crusade was that
its promotion and finance impacted on the lives of Catholics more
than its instruments affected the struggle for domination of the
Mediterranean Sea and south-eastern Europe.
Religious warfare has been a recurrent feature of European history.
In this intelligent and readable study, the distinguished Crusade
historian Norman Housley describes and analyses the principal
expressions of holy war in the period from the Hussite wars to the
first generation of the Reformation. The context was one of both
challenge and expansion. The Ottoman Turks posed an unprecedented
external threat to the "Christian republic," while doctrinal
dissent, constant warfare between states, and rebellion eroded it
from within.
Professor Housley shows how in these circumstances the propensity
to sanctify warfare took radically different forms. At times
warfare between national communities was shaped by convictions of
'sacred patriotism', either in defending God-given native land or
in the pursuit of messianic programs abroad. Insurrectionary
activity, especially when driven by apocalyptic expectations, was a
second important type of religious war. In the 1420s and early
1430s the Hussites waged war successfully in defense of what they
believed to be "God's Law." And some frontier communities depicted
their struggle against non-believers as religious war by reference
to crusading ideas and habits of thought. Professor Housley
pinpoints what these conflicts had in common in the ways the
combatants perceived their own role, their demonization of their
opponents, and the ongoing critique of religious war in all its
forms.
This is a major contribution to both Crusade history and the study
of the Wars of Religion of the early modern period. Professor
Housley explores the interaction between Crusade and religious war
in the broader sense, and argues that the religious violence of
thesixteenth and seventeenth centuries was organic, in the sense
that it sprang from deeply rooted proclivities within European
society.
This collection of seventeen essays by leading researchers is published with a companion volume to celebrate the sixty-fifth birthday of Jonathan Riley-Smith, the leading British historian of the Crusades. The subjects focus on the theory and practice of crusading and the contributions which were made by the military orders.
Religious warfare has been a recurrent feature of European history. Norman Housley's readable and intelligent new study examines the spectrum of conflicts waged in God's name in the period from the Later Crusades to the early Reformation, making an important contribution to both areas of research. Professor Housley explores the interaction between Crusade and religious war in the broader sense, and argues that the religious violence of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries sprang from deeply rooted proclivities within European society.
This will be the first collection of translated documents to appear
in any language on the crusading movement in the late middle ages.
The texts have been carefully selected to illuminate as wide a
range of crusading activity as possible, covering the entire period
from the last years of Frankish Syria in the thirteenth century to
the age of the Counter-Reformation. The principal themes explored
will include planning and initiation of crusades, their preaching,
recruitment, finance and leadership, and the broad spectrum of
popular response, from enthusiasm to condemnation.
The expulsion of the Christians from the Holy Land in 1291 was far from being the end of the crusading movement. Norman Housley's comprehensive survey is the first to focus in depth on the later crusades. This is a wide-ranging and lucidly written study, which will be invaluable to students of the crusades. It is supplemented by fourteen maps and a guide to further reading.
While focusing on the relationship between the papacy and the
14th-century crusades, this study also illuminates other fields of
activity in Avignon, such as papal taxation and interaction with
Byzantium. Using recent research, Housley covers all areas where
crusading occurred--including the eastern Mediterranean, Spain,
eastern Europe, and Italy--and analyzes the Curia's approach to
related issues such as peacemaking between warring Christian
powers, the work of Military Orders, and western attempts to
maintain a trade embargo on Mamluk, Egypt. Placing the papal
policies of Avignon firmly in context, the author demonstrates that
the period witnessed the relentless erosion of papal control over
the crusades.
*A detailed account of the crusades launched by the popes against
their political opponents in the west. Housley takes an objective
stance and places these crusades within their wider context.
Looking in depth at various historical accounts, Norman Housley
examines the crusades, focusing on who the crusaders were, why they
fought, and what they hoped to accomplish between the 11th and 15th
centuries.
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